Psychology Unit Test

Four perspectives on Psychology

Behavioural, Psychodynamics, Humanistic, Cognitive

Main idea behind Behavioural Psych

Focuses on learning and human behaviour

Key figures in Behavioural Psych

• Pavlov’s Dogs (Ivan Pavlov, 1890s)

• Little Albert (John B. Watson, 1920s)

• Skinner Box (B. F. Skinner, 1930s)

Main idea behind Psychodynamics

Focuses on life experiences and connections between the conscious and unconscious mind

Key figures in Psychodynamics

• Free Association & Talk Therapy (Freud, 1890s)

• Archetypes (Carl Jung, 1919)

• Social Roles, not Unconscious Mind (Karen Horney, 1930s)

• Psychosexual Stages (Erik Erikson, 1950s)

Main idea behind Humanistic Psych

Focuses on the individual as the best source of their own help and learning (client-focused)

Key figures in Humanistic Psych

• Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Actualization (Abraham Maslow, 1943)

• Logotherapy (Viktor Frankl, 1938)

• Client-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers, 1951)

Main idea behind Cognitive Psych

Focuses on the mental processes of the brain to explain behaviours, desires, or neurotic disorders

Key figures in Cognitive Psych

• IQ Test (Jean Piaget, 1919)

• Stages of Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget, 1936)

• Linguistic Theory/Grammar Structures (Noam Chomsky, 1950s)

• Bobo Experiment (Albert Bandura, 1961/1963)

• False/Repressed Memories (Elizabeth Loftus, 1994)

Id (Freud)

Seeking our most basic desires

Ego (Freud)

The deciding factor between Id and Superego, deals with the concious reality

Superego (Freud)

Always seeking the moral choice

Pleasure principle

The instinctual drive to seek immediate gratification of needs, desires, and urges while avoiding pain and discomfort

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

What happens when a stage is improperly facilitated

Leads to various attachment styles, later problems in life, and neuroses/neurotic disorders

What are the 8 aspects to the Jungian Archetypes

• Extraversion/Introversion

• Intuition/Sensing

• Feeling/Thinking

• Perception/Judging

Positive reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to reward a desired behaviour

Negative reinforcement

Removing a stimulus to reward a desired behaviour

Positive punishment

Adding a stimulus to punish an undesired behaviour

Negative punishment

Removing a stimulus to punish an undesired behaviour

Unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that causes an unconditioned response

Unconditioned response

A response that is not conditioned to occur

Conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that causes a conditioned response

Conditioned response

A response that is conditioned to occur (not natural)

What stimulus/response is this?
A piece of meat that makes you salivate

Unconditioned stimulus

What stimulus/response is this?
Your stomach grumbles when you smell a pie

Unconditioned response

What stimulus/response is this?
Flinching when someone says, “apple.”

Conditioned response

What stimulus/response is this?
The sight of the white bunny that makes you cry

Conditioned stimulus

What was Skinner’s idea on freedom?

Nah. Everything we do was taught to us/instilled within us

Classical conditioning

An influence causes an unrelated and involuntary response (Pavlov, Little Albert, etc.)

Operant conditioning

Consequences lead to certain voluntary behaviours through punishments and reinforcements (getting chocolate after cleaning the house, putting money in a tip jar after swearing, etc.)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid that shows the steps/achievments needed to reach self-actualization. Problems within the lower levels must be solved before higher levels are.

What did Jean Piaget do? (Four points)

• Cognitive Psych

• Developed the IQ Test

• Developed the Theory of Cognitive Development

• Conservation task

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (four stages)

• Sensorimotor

• Preoperational

• Concrete Operational

• Formal Operational

What did Albert Bandura do? (Three points)

• Cognitive Psych

• Behaviour is learned by observation (but believes in self-empowerment)

• Bobo Doll Experiment

Levels on Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs

• Physiological

• Safety/security

• Love/Belonging

• Esteem

• Self-actualization

Behaviour

The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others

What effect does genes have on behaviour?

• Affects physical characteristics

• Determines intelligence, to an extent

• Special mental characteristics (Some disorders)

• NOT deterministic

True or False:

Erik Erikson believed there are positive and negative outcomes for each developmental stage

True

Comfort experiment (three points)

• Baby monkeys were raised with a pair of surrogate mothers; one a wire money with a bottle of milk, one a soft monkey without food

• Regardless of who fed them, they were more likely to go to the soft monkey

• Results contradicted assumptions about attachment between children and mothers

True or False:

BEHAVIOURISTS (in general) do not believe in free will

True!! Behaviour has to have a reason or a cause

Extinct behaviours

Behaviours that are no longer reinforced and have gone away/“died”

What do the brains of new gamblers look like?

High stimulation from dopamine and serotonin

What do the brains of regular gamblers look like?

Low stimulation from dopamine and serotonin because the brain has gotten used to it

What do cognitive psychologists think of behaviour?

• Behaviour is a product of learning in our social environment

• Since it is learned, it can be changed through learning new behaviours or extinguishing old ones

Development of awareness of objects is a key part of which Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage?

Sensorimotor (0-2 years old)

Development of abstract thinking is a key part of which Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage?

Formal Operational (11-16 years old)

Development of object conservation is a key part of which Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage?

Concrete Operational

Engaging in symbolic play is a key part of which Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage?

Preoperational

According to Freud, what is a fixation?

Fulfilling a need from a particular stage that was not resolved

What influences behaviour? (Four factors)

Attitudes, Social Thinking, Motivation, Mental Health / Illness

Who influences our attitudes? (Seven factors)

• Place

• Culture

• Religion

• Media

• Organizations

• Friends

• Family

Explicit Attitude

Things we conciously think about or have developed attitudes for

Implicit attitudes

Things we do not conciously think about, but have developed attitudes for

Cognitive Dissonance

When our behaviours do not match our attitudes

How is Cognitive Dissonance “fixed”?

Either your behaviour or attitude is changed to align with the other

Types of motivation? (Four types)

• Intrinsic

• Extrinsic

• Drive-related

• Instinctual

Intrinsic motivation

• Stems from a personal drive

• Personal achievement

• Personal beliefs

Extrinsic motivation

• Stems from external factors

• Wanting to receive a reward

• Or avoid a punishment

Instinctual motivation

• Survival/evolutionary-based motivation

• We may fulfill certain drives even when the needs have been met

Drive-related motivation

• Balancing our homeostasis

• Maybe a conscious decision

• Fanning yourself, drinking Gatorade, etc.

What are the steps to changing your behaviour? (Six steps)

• Precomtemplation (haven’t acknowledged the need to change)

• Contemplation

• Preparation (Plan of action is developed)

• Action

• Maintenance (leads to a stable lifestyle)

• If not maintained, leads to relapse

Old brain

• More basic parts of the brain

• Most animals have this brain

• Hosts the limbic system and the brainstem

Limbic system (four parts)

• Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, water levels, and key behavioural processes

• Amygdala: Processes emotions; affects learning and memory

• Hippocampus: Converts short-term memories into long-term ones

• Thalamus: Processes and sends data to higher brain areas

Cerebrum

• The two hemispheres of the brain, splits into major lobes

• Does not include the cerebellum or brain stem