Arthropods - Flies & Fly Larvae

Flies are part of what order?

Diptera

Flies are ____ parasites

periodic

Flies use _____ metamorphosis

complete

• egg

• larva

• pupa

• adult

What are a flies effect on animals?

• annoyance

• painful bites

• hypersensitivity reactions

• eggs deposited in wounds, migrating larvae

• vectors and intermediate hosts for other parasites

Sponging mouthparts

• primary function :

• typical food source :

• Hypersensitivity risk :

• Common clinical role

• Disease transmission :

• primary function : absorb liquid material

• typical food source : tears, mucus, saliva, wound exudate

• Hypersensitivity risk : low

• Common clinical role : nuisance, irritation

• Disease transmission : mechanical (surface contamination)

Examples of flies with sponging mouthparts include

House flies and face flies

Piercing-sucking mouthparts

• primary function :

• typical food source :

• skin penetration :

• painful bite :

• saliva injected :

• Hypersensitivity risk :

• Common clinical role

• Disease transmission :

• primary function : penetrate skin and suck blood

• typical food source : blood

• skin penetration : yes

• painful bite : yes

• saliva injected : yes, often with anticoagulants

• Hypersensitivity risk : higher

• Common clinical role biting, blood loss, disease risk

• Disease transmission : higher risk, blood-feeding

Examples of flies with piercing-sucking mouthparts include

horse flies, biting midges, mosquitoes

What is myiasis?

the parasitism of living animals by Dipteran larvae

• larvae develop in the tissue of the host

myiasis is caused by?

maggots and bots

What is facultative myasis ?

free living larvae adapt to dependence on host

• opportunistic

facultative myiasis

• eggs laid in ___________, __________, or _______

• decaying flesh

• dead animals

• feces

  • in live animals, flies are attracted to infected wounds, soiled coat

  • debilitated animals prone to maggot infestation

Facultative myiasis can lead to _____, _____, _____, or _____ if left untreated. Focus on _____, _____, and _________

• trauma

• secondary infection

• shock

• death

• wound care

• hygiene

• fly control

Obligatory myiasis are?

fly larvae that are dependent on host during development

• completely parasitic

Obligatory myiaisis is inherently more ____ and ____

• larvae ____________

• carrier high risk of _____ ______, ______________, and _______

Aggressive and destructive

• invade healthy tissue

• severe trauma, septic complications, and death

Some species of obligatory myiasis are _______

reportable

What kind of tissue is being invades

• damaged/soiled → ______ → opportunistic

facultative

What kind of tissue is being invaded

• living → _____ → aggressive, urgent, often reportable

obligatory

Hypoderma spp. — Family Oestridae

Fly

• bot fly, warble fly, gad fly, heel fly

larvae

• “ox warbles” , cattle grubs”

Hypoderma spp. are _____

obligatory

Who do Hypoderma spp. infect ?

ruminants, occasionally horses or rarely humans

Hypoderma spp. larvae migrate through _____

tissue

• down grading of hides from larval damage

• trimmed meat loss : green “butchers jelly”

Adult Hypoderma spp. can cause _____

gadding

Hypoderma life cycle

• fly attaches eggs to ______ during _____

• larvae enter through ___________________ (from biting flies)

• migrate to ______ → forms _____________________ (palpable under skin)

• emerge, fall to ground, pupate → adults

• hair during summer

• hair follicle or wounds

• back → form warbles with breathing hole

Oestrus ovis - family Oestridae

Nasal bot fly

Ostrus ovis are

obligatory

Oestrus ovis affects __________

sheep and goats

Oestrus ovis

• larvae parasitize __________

• adults cause intense _________

• nasal chambers

• fly worry

Oestrus ovis larvae cause?

• nasal irritation, discharge, sneezing

• erosion of nasal bones, neurological signs, brain, lesions (fatal)

Oestrus ovis Life cycle

• Females squirt larvae into ______

• larvae crawl into __________ → feed on _____

• Return to _______ → fall to ground, pupate → adults

• nostrils

• frontal sinuses → feed on mucosa

• nostrils

Gasterophilus intestinalis — Family Oestridae

Fly

• horse bot fly

larvae

• “horse bots

Gasterophilus intestinalis are ?

obligatory

Who does Gasterophilus intestinalis affect ?

horses

Gasterophilus intestinalis

• larvae spend most of parasitic phase in ______

  • may cause inflammation

  • may interfere with ____

• Adults cause ______, ______

  • eggs on hairs of forelegs, shoulders, around mouth

• stomach

  • digestion

• annoyance, fly worry

Gasterophilus life cycle

• fly deposit eggs on hairs

• hatching triggered by warmth and moisture during grooming

• larvae enter _____ → migrate through _________ → swallowed

• attach to ___ ___, remain for months

• exit in stool → pupate (visible ___) → adults

• mouth → migrate through oral tissue

• gastric mucosa

• bots

Cuterebra spp. — Family Oestridae

Warbles or Wolves

Cuterbra spp. are

obligatory

Cuterebra spp. affect who?

rabbits, rodents (dogs, cats, occasionally humans)

Cuterebra spp.

• larvae cause _____ _____ in dogs and cats

  • may be located in _____ and ____ cavities

  • can migrate through the _____ (fatal)

• remove larvae carefully with crushing

  • can cause anaphylactic reaction (fatal)

• subcutaneous abscesses

  • nasal and oral

  • brain

Cuterbra life cycle

• eggs laid along rabbits runs and near rodent burrows

• host brushes past → first stage larvae hatch instantaneously → immediately crawl into host ____

• larvae enter host through natural ____ ____

• migrate to ____ ____ → forms warbles within breathing hole (palpable under skin)

• emerge, fall to ground, pupate → adults

• fur

• body opening

• subcutaneous tissue

Blowflies — Family Calliphoridae

Bottle flies

• green bottles, blue bottles, black bottles

Blowflies are

facultative

Who do Blowflies affect

mainly sheep

• sometimes other mammals

Blowflies

• brilliant metallic sheen

• deposit eggs into ____, _____, or ____

• cause ____

• decaying matter, wounds, or living flesh

• “blow fly strike”

Blowfly Life cycle

• eggs laid in ___________, ____, _____, _______

• eggs hatch under the ____ in 24 hours

• larvae crawl into ____ → feed and grow → ______

• fall to ground, pupate → adults

• decaying organic material, wounds, or damp, soiled fleece/fur

• wool

• skin …….. blow fly strike

Blowfly — environmental factors that affect infestation in sheep

• increased _____ - stimulates pupae to hatch

• persistent ____ - ___ fleece

• temperature

• rainfall - wet

Cochliomyia hominvorax — Family Calliphoridae

screwworm fly, New World screwworm

Cochliomyia hominvorax are

obligatory

Ochlimyia hominivorax

• larvae feed on ____ ____ and ___ ___ ___

• reportable

living tissue and fluid inside wounds

Cochlimyia hominivorax affect who?

warm blooded animals and humans

Cochliomyia hominivorax - life cycle

• eggs laid in wounds of warm blooded, living being

• eggs hatch within ____ hours

• larvae burrow into ____ → feed in colonies → ___, __________

• many larvae can be packed inside wounds

• fall to ground, pupate → adults

• 12-24

• wound → … → large, foul smelling lesion

Wohlfarhtia and Callitroga — Family Sarcophagidae

Flesh flies

Wohlfarhtia and allitroga are

obligatory

Wohlfarhtia and Callitroga

• larvae are the only _________________

primary invaders of living tissue in North America

Non-Myiasis

• Biting describes _____

How the fly feeds

• mechanism

Non-Myiasis

• Nuisance describes the _________

fly impact on the animal

• outcome

Tabanus sp. — Family Tabanidae

horse fly

Tabanus sp. are

biting

Tabanus spp. affect who?

feed primarily on cattle and horses, may bite humans

Tabanus sp.

• females ____ - painful bites

• most active on ___________

• suck blood

• hot, sunny days

Tabanus sp. are ______ vectors — transmits _____, ____, ____

• mechanical

• rickettisal diseases, bacteria, viruses

Tabanus spp. - life cycle

• eggs laid on ___, ___, ___ overhanging _____ → hatch

• larvae move into ___ ___/___ adjacent to ____

• eventually return to __ __ → pupate → adult

  • control - difficult

• plants, rocks, or debris overhanging water

• water or soil/mud …….. water

• dry land

Simulium spp. — Family Simuliidae

Blackflies, Buffalo Gnats

Simulium spp. are ?

Biting

Simulium spp. affect who?

feed on animals, birds, and humans

Simulium spp.

• females _____ - _____

• most active in ____ and _______, ______

• suck blood - painful bite

• morning and evening of warm, cloudy days

Simulium spp.

• large numbers may _____ a host or cause stampedes

exsanguinate

Simulium spp - life cycle

• females lay eggs ___ or _________

• larval and pupal stages in the ______

• adults emerge _____

  • may keep cattle from grazing

  • causes gadding

• in or on running water

• running water

• “en masse”

Culicoides spp. — Family Ceratopogonidae

Biting mifges, “no-see-ums”

Culicoides spp. are ?

biting

Culicoides spp. affect who?

bites various animals, humans

Culicoides spp.

• females ___ - __________

• most active in ______ and _____

• _____ reaction in horses

• suck blood - painful, irritating bites

• late afternoons and early evenings

• hypersensitivity

Culicoides spp. Hypersensitivity — Horses

• clinical signs :

• Treatment :

“sweet itch”

C: pruritis, alopecia, excoriations along back or abdomen

T: insect control, topicals, antihistamines, corticosteroids

Culicoides spp. life cycle

• eggs sac laid on ________ → drops into _____ → hatch _______

• larvate and pupate in ____ → adult emerges

• life cycle is ______ ____

  • ______ : 1 month

  • _______ : 6-12 months

• plants near water …… water …. in water

• water

• temperature dependent

  • tropics/warm climates

  • temperate/cooler climates

Culex, Ades, and Anopheles — Family Culicidae

mosquitos

Culex, Ades, and Anopheles are

biting fly

Culex, Ades, and Anopheles affect who?

attacks a variety of animals, humans

Culex, Ades, and Anopheles

• females ______ voraciously - ______________

• active _____ and ______

• ____ for many diseases

• _______ reaction in cats

• suck blood … - painful bites, can draw directly from vessel

• morning and early evening

• vector

• hypersensitivity

Culex, Ades, and Anopheles hypersensitivity - cats

Clinical signs :

Treatment :

mosquito bite allergy

• can mimic other skin diseases

C: lesions on ears, margins of foot pads

T: systemic corticosteroids

Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia — Family Psychodidae

sandflies

Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are ?

biting

Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia affect who?

feed on a wide variety of hosts

Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia

• females _____

• _____ - transmit leishmaniasis, vial diseases

  • ________

• suck blood

• vector

  • zoonotic

Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia — life cycle

• eggs laid on _________ in vegetation, soil, or floors,

• hatch → larvae → pupae → adult

dark, damp cracks

Stomoxys calcitrans — Family Muscidae

stable fly, biting housefly

Stomoxys calcitrans are?

biting

Stomoxys calcitrans affect who?

feed on ruminants, horses, dogs, humans

Stomoxys calcitrans

• _______, painful bites

• stay on host _________

• feed _____

• eggs laid in ____________

• sucks blood

• a short time

• intermittently

• rotting hay and stray

Stomoxys calcitrans

• cattle - ______

  • decreased milk production

  • may not graze during day

• dogs - _______

  • attach the tips of dogs’ ears

  • second ______, _______

• “fly worry”

• “fly strike”

  • infection, myiasis

Haematobia sp. — Family Muscidae

horn fly

Haematobia sp are?

biting

Haematobia sp. affect who?

spend most of life on cattle

Haematobia sp

• ______, painful bites

• feed _____

• eggs laid on ________

• wounds from bites attracts other flies → _______

• suck blood

• repeatedly

• fresh manure

• myiasis

Musca spp. — Family Muscidae

• M. domestica - ________

• M. autumanalis - _________

• “house fly”

• “face fly”

Musca spp.

• feed on ____, ____, ____, _____

• eggs laid on _______

• nuisance causes :

  • ______

  • reduced ___________

  • transmission of ________________

• secretions, mucous, tears, saliva

• manure

  • “fly worry”

  • weight gain and milk yield

  • viruses and bacteria — mechanical vector

Hydrotaea irritans - Family Hydrotea

head fly

Hydrotaea irritans affect who?

sheep cattle, horses

Hydrotaea irritans

• swarm ___________

• larvae _____ → one generation per year

• nuisance causes :

  • extreme _____

  • _________ damage

  • possible secondary _______ → myiasis

• around the head

• overwinter

  • irritation

  • self-inflicted

  • blowfly strike

Melophagus ovinus —- Family Hippoboscidae

sheep ked