History Clep Exam Flashcards

Five Regions Indigenous people lived in

Southwest,West, Plains,Northeast, Southeast

Three Sisters

refers to corn, squash and beans. Farming all three plants together helped established more permanent and larger settlements

Corn (Maize)

A major crop in the Americas that contributed to the development of large and complex settlements for Native Americans

Irrigation

The process of redirecting bodies of water through channels to supply farmland 

Pueblos

A tribe of Native Americans who settled in present-day American South West

Missippians

Native American peoples who lived in modern-day Missouri and Illinois

Algonquians

Native American peoples of east coast who spoke related languages

Hunter-Gatherer

People who obtain most of or all of their food by hunting, fishing and foraging

Regions and their living styles

Plains-Bison Hunting

Northwest- People lived in food-rich coastal regions developing wood-working traditions; fished, hunter-gatherers

Northeast- farmed corn, squash and beans (three sisters); Built Long Houses

Southwest- Cliff dwellings and irrigation

Pacific North West- Ocean canoes were used; relied on fishing

Monks Mound in Cahokia

 Home of leader or site of important ceremonies 

Powerful Alliance in North East

Iroquois Confederacy (formed by Onedia, Mohawk, Seneca, Tuscarora, Cayuga and Onondaga)

5 civilized tribes

Cherokee, Choctaw, creek, Chickasaw, seminole all adopted english language and advanced farming methods 

Reconquista(Spain-Reconquered)

Unified Spain; Helped spread Catholicism

Columbian exchange

 Transfer of goods, people, ideas and diseases between the Americas, Afro- Eurasia

Caravel

Small fast ship used by Spanish and Portuguese which made exploration easier 

Epidemic

spread of disease to a large group of peop;e within a population in a short period of time

Mercantilism

Economic system in which colonies were controlled to enrich the mother country 

Triangle Trade

sugar and tobacco (from Americas), textiles and manufactured goods (from Europe), slaves (from Africa)  

Causes of Migration

 God→Religion 

    Glory→ Status

Gold→ Natural resources

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spilt “New Land” in between Spain and Portugal 

1325

Founding of Tenochtitlan Capital of Mexica Empire (Aztec)

1347

 Black Death Begins in Europe killing millions weakening feudalism

1492

 Christopher Columbus 1st Voyage to the America’s

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas divides land in Americas between Spain and Portugal

1519

Herman Cortes beings conquest of Aztec Empire

1532

Francisco Pizarro begins conquest on Inca Empire

1542

New Law passed in Spain to limit abuses of Encomineda system

Late 1500s

Transatlantic slave trade expands brings Africans to Americas

1607

 Founding of Jamestown, first permanent English Colony in North America 

Samuel de Champlain

 French explorer who founded the first permanent French settlement in North America, Quebec

Quebec

The first permanent French settlement founded in 1608

Henry Hudson

 English adventurer hired by the Dutch government who led an expedition to find a path to Asia through North America; His expedition led to the establishment of New Amsterdam

New Netherlands

 Dutch colony founded in 1609 by the Dutch East India Company to maintain Dutch fur-trading practices

Dutch East India Company

Dutch Merchant company chartered in 1602 to carry on trade with Africa, the West Indies, North and South America and Australia 

Fur Trading

The sale and exchange of animal furs; French and Dutch colonizers focused on trading furs with Native American tribes in North America

Spain’s Goal to colonize

Gold, Plantations, Natural resources

Spanish settlers during colonization

Mostly men in large numbers

Spanish Relationship with Native Americans

Violence, slavery, Caste (status)

Spanish Colonization Religious Missionary Status

Forced people to Convert to Catholicism

France and Netherlands Goals to colonize

Trading fish and Furs

France and Netherlands Settlers during colonization

Settlers of mostly men in small numbers

France and Netherlands Relationship with Native Americans

Friendly relationship

France and Netherlands Missionary Staus

Attempted conversion to Catholicism

England Goals to colonization

Plantations, religious freedom;

England Settlers during Colonization

Settlers in the north were men; Settlers in the South were families

Relationship with Native Americans

Violent Relationship and excluded Native Americans

English Missionary Staus

Some attempted conversion to protestantism

Sir Franscis Drake

Famous Privateer(steal Gold from ships)

Joint Stock Company

Corporation

English colonies and their reason for development

New England colonies- Religious freedoms 

Middle colonies- trade and diversity 

Chesapeake colonies- tobacco farming and profit 

Southern Colonies- plantation agriculture

1619

Virgina House of Burgesses established the first representative assembly

1620

Plymouth Colony founded; Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact

1630

Massachusetts Bay Colony founded; puritans envision a “City upon a Hill”

1634

Maryland founded as a haven for Catholics

1636

 Rhode Island founded by Rodger Willams, promoting religious freedom

1636

Connecticut founded by Thomas Hooker with expanded voting rights

1663

Carolina founded developing rice and indigo plantations

1664

New York Seized from the Dutch and renamed by English

1681

Pennsylvania founded by William Penn as a Quaker refuge

1692

Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts

1732

Georgia founded as the last of the 13 colonies

1730s-1740s

First Great Awakening- Widespread religious revival

1739

Stono rebellion a major slave uprising in North Carolina

1754

French and Indian War begins; Britain and France fight for control of North America

Bacon’s Rebellion(1676)

Armed uprising in Virgina against Native Americans and colonial elites

Chattel slavery

System where enslaved people were treated as property

“City Upon A Hill”

John Winthrop’s vision of Puritan New England as a model society

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement promoting reason, science and natural rights

Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing personal faith and emotional experience

Headright

System that gave land in return for work, designed to attract settlers to Virginia

Indentured servant

Worker bound by contract for serval years of labor in exchange for passage

King Phillip’s War (1675)

Conflict between New England settlers and Native Americans

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Agreement establishing self-government in Plymouth Colony

Middle Passage

Dangerous and often fatal journey across the Atlantic that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas

Navigation Acts

British laws requiring colonies to trade mainly with England

Puritans/Pilgrims

English religious dissenters who founded New England colonies

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slave uprising in South Carolina that led to harsher laws controlling enslaved people

Triangular trade

Trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Seven Years War (1754-1763)

Sometimes called French and Indian War, it was a conflict between France and Britain, in which the Algonquins sided with the French and Iroquois sided with the British and the colonists

Albany Plan (1754)

A plan created by Benjamin Franklin to organize an intercolonial government, including a system to collect taxes and recruit troops 

Treaty of Paris(1763)

Treaty ending the Seven Years War, in which French Ceded much of its North American territory to the British

Pontiac’s uprising (1763)

A force of 300 members of different Native American tribes led by Chief Pontiac attempted to stop British encroachment on their territory in an armed rebellion

Proclamation of 1763

A law passed by the British Parliament that prohibited colonial movement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Democracy

A system of government in which the power comes from the people

Natural Rights

Freedoms that all people are born with and that no government can take away 

Monarchy

A form of government in which the king or queen holds power that is based in heredity 

Consent of the governed

The idea that a government’s authority depends on the agreement of its citizens

Divine right

The belief that rulers get their authority directly from God

Stamp Act (1765)

Taxed printed materials, such as newspapers, legal documents and licenses

Declaratory Act (1766)

States that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Federalist papers

Papers written by James Madison or Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to help propose ideas for a new government 

Constitutional Convention

Conference held in Philadelphia in 1787 attempting to create a strong organized government

Executive Branch

President that would be elected by the people (enforces the laws)

Legislative Branch

Split into two houses: Senate and House of Representatives (creates laws)

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court (interprets and applies laws)