Gramática IV - 4&5

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Last updated 8:37 PM on 6/22/26
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21 Terms

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The 6 types of cohesion

  1. Reference

  2. Substitution

  3. Ellipsis

  4. Reiteration

  5. Collocation

  6. Conjunction

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Conjunction

A resource that extends logico-semantic relations across sentences and paragraphs

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Types of Conjunction

  1. Appositive: in other words…

  2. Clarifying: or rather, anyway…

  3. Additive: and, nor, or, furthermore…

  4. Adversative: yet, but, however…

  5. Variative: on the other hand, apart from that…

  6. Temporal: then, finally…

  7. Comparative: likewise, similarly…

  8. Causal: so, for this reason…

  9. Conditional: in that case…

  10. Matter: in that respect…

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Elements of the context of situation

  1. Field

  2. Tenor

  3. Mode

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Field within the context of situation

  1. Social process

  2. Social action

  3. Semantic domain

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Tenor within the context of situation

  1. Institutional role

  2. Hierarchy

  3. Interactants

  4. Distance

  5. Speech role

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Mode within the context of situation

  1. Medium

  2. Turn taking

  3. Text type

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Types of descriptive texts

  1. Impressionistic description

  2. Technical description

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Types of narrative texts

  1. Narrative

  2. News story

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Types of expository texts

  1. Expository essay

  2. Definition

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Types of argumentative texts

  1. Comment

  2. Scientific argumentation

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Types of instructive texts

  1. Instructions

  2. Official documents

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Genre

Related to context of culture. It refers to conventionalized types of texts, characterized by specific communicative purposes and structural features.

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Register

Variations in language use according to a situation type: who is speaking/writing, to whom, why, where, and how.

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Types of reference (cohesive devices)

  1. Personal

  2. Demonstrative

  3. Comparative

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Types of reference period

  1. Endophoric

    1. Anaphoric

    2. Cataphoric

  2. Exophoric

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Types of substitution (and ellipsis)

  1. Nominal: one(s) and the same.

  2. Verbal: do.

  3. Clausal: so, do so, neither, not.

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Types of clausal ellipsis

  1. Condition: the omitted information must be in the co-text.

  2. Effects: deletion of known information + new End Focus.

    1. Modal ellipsis: [they were] playing draughts.

    2. Prepositional ellipsis: yes, they were x.

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Types of reiteration

  1. Repetition of the same word

  2. Synonymy or near synonymy

  3. Hyponymy

  4. Meronymy

  5. General word

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Collocation

It achieves lexical cohesion by using items that tend to co-occur in language because they share similar semantic environments.