The Enlightenment and Despotism #13

What type of government was in Britain after the Glorious Revolution?

Constitutional Monarchy.

Where the government was formed from the oligarchy but had to listen to people?

Netherlands.

What did philosophers believe?

That through the reason and rational thought society will progress so it is their duty to spread the thought and ideas of the reason.

Who was René Descartes?

He founded the analytic geometry and X and Y planes.

Who said, “I think; therefore I am”?

Descartes.

What was the Cartesian Division?

The idea of not only separating humans mind and body but also dividing people by their difference. So to look to what we are different in rather what we are similar in.

What was Cartesians Division problem that was not accounted?

That you can’t fully separate emotions from your body, so people are still affected by the emotions in their minds. Descartes did not account to human factors.

What type of the worldview did Descartes create?

Mechanistic worldview that made people to go through harmful separation but allowed to discover physics.

What did Isaac Newton discover?

Gravity and Laws of Motion.

Publication of what book was assumed to be a start of the Enlightenment?

Principia of Newton.

Who was Francis Bacon?

He was an English councillor who established the scientific method.

What is inductive reasoning?

To look at something specific and from that to expand the knowledge.

Who rejected innate knowledge?

John Locke.

What was empiricism by John Locke about?

That people were born as blank pieces of paper so they should rely their knowledge on their experience.

What was Deism?

New form of religion formed during the Enlightenment era that was saying that God had created the universe but was no longer involved in the usual life.

Who was John Tolland?

He was an early Deist who thought that nature is the prove of God, but religion needs to be only arguing with reason, not dogma.

Who said, “To be is to be perceived”?

George Berkeley.

Who was David Hume?

He was a Scottish man who was a skeptic and critic of religion. Believed that reason was a result of experience.

What was Immanuel Kant about?

To keep both science and morality to escape possibility of chaos.

Who wrote Candide?

Voltaire. It was a satire on French society.

Who out of the philosophers spent time at the Bastille?

Voltaire.

Who created an Encyclopedia?

One of the first French Enlightenment writers — Denis Diderot.

Where was Rousseau raised?

Republican Geneva.

What was the main idea of Rousseau?

Nature dignified people but civilization corrupts them.

Who argued about General Will?

Rousseau.

How did different groups interpret Rousseau’s ideas?

1. Romantics — emphasize on emotions.

2. Socialists — share land.

3. Fashists — pretend to know the general will.

What was Adam Smith’s legacy?

Laissez-faire economy instead of mercantilism.

What was Laissez-faire economy?

Free market and competition allowed.

What new economy has led to?

Development of the Capitalism.

Who was an Enlightened Despot?

An absolutist ruler who was actually interested in improving people’s lives.

Name 3 Enlightened Despots.

Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, Catherine I of Russia.

Who abolished serfdom in his country?

Joseph II of Austria.

How did Catherine I take the throne of Russia?

Peter III moved to the countryside and people rebelled and made his German wife Catherine a new ruler. Peter III was ok with that but got assassinated.

What was Pugachev’s Rebellion in 1773?

A rebellion led by the Emelyan Pugachev with the Cossacks to establish new form of government in Russia. It was not successful.

What was the consequence of the Pugachev’s rebellion?

Catherine became even more authoritarian.