第7課 文法

N（tool／means）で　Ⅴ

1. N（tool／means）で　Ⅴ

The particle で indicates a method or means used for an action.

①　箸で食べます。　I eat with chopsticks.

②　日本語でレポートを書きます。　I’m going to write the report in Japanese.

Word／Sentence’ は　～語で　何ですか

2. Word／Sentence’ は　～語で　何ですか

This question is used to ask how to say a word or sentence in another language.

③　「ありがとう」は英語で何ですか。　What’s ‘Arigato’ in English?

······「Thank you」です。　······It’s ‘thank you’

④　「Thank you」は日本語で何ですか。　What’s ‘thank you’ in Japanese?

······「ありがとう」です。　······It’s ‘Arigato’.

N₁（person）に　Ｎ₂　をあげます，etc.

3. N₁（person）に　Ｎ₂　をあげます，etc.

Verbs like あげます, 貸します and 教えます indicate imparting things or information, so they must be used with a noun saying to whom those things or information are imparted. The particle に is used to denote the recipient.

⑤　［私は］木村さんに花をあげました。　I gave Kimura some flowers.

➅　［私は］イーさんに日本を貸しました。　I lent Ms. Lee a book.

⑦　［私は］山田さんに英語を教えます。　I teach Mr. Yamada English.

N₁（person）に　Ｎ₂　をもらいます，etc.

4. N₁（person）に　Ｎ₂　をもらいます，etc.

Verbs like もらいます, and 借ります indicate receiving things or information, so they are used with a noun indicating the person from whom those things or information are received. The particle に is used to denote that person.

⑧　［私は］山田さんに花をもらいました。　I received some flowers from Mr. Yamada.

⑨　［私は］カリナさんにCDを借りました。　I borrowed a CD from Karina.

⑩　［私は］ワンさんに中国語を習います。　I’m learning Chinese from Mr. Wang.

[Note] から can be used instead of に in this sentence pattern. から is always used when receiving something from an organization such as a company or school rather than a person.

⑪　［私は］山田さんから花をもらいました。　I received some flowers from Mr. Yamada.

⑫　銀行からお金を借りました。　I borrowed some money from the bank.

もう　Ⅴ　ました

5. もう　Ⅴ　ました

もう means ‘already’ and is used with Ⅴ　ました. In this case, Ⅴ　ました means that the action has been completed.

The answer to the question もう　Ⅴ　ましたか as to whether an action has been completed or not is はい、もう　Ⅴ　ました if in the affirmative (i.e. the action has been completed) and いいえ、Ⅴ　ていません (see Lesson 31) or いいえ、まだです if in the negative (i.e. the action has not been completed). いいえ、Ⅴ　ませんでした is not used in this case, since this means that something was not done in the past, rather than that something has not been completed in the present.

⑬　もう荷物を送りましたか。　Have you sent the baggage yet?

······はい、［もう］送りました。　······Yes, I have [sent it].

······いいえ、まだ送っていません。　······No, I haven’t sent it yet. (See Lesson 31.)

······いいえ、まだです。　······No, not yet.

Omission of particles

6. Omission of particles

Particles are often omitted in informal speech when the relationships between the parts of speech before and after them are obvious.

⑭　このスプーン［は］、素敵ですね。　This is a lovely spoon, isn’t it?

⑮　コーヒー［を］、もう一杯いかがですか。　Would you like another cup of coffee? (See Lesson 8.)