Sys Phys Final

Although vasopressin promotes H2O conservation by the body, it cannot halt urine production. T/F?

True, Vasopressin cannot halt urine production

A rise in plasma potassium concentration __________ stimulates aldosterone secretion by the __________ cortex.

directly; adrenal

Contraction of __________ cells closes off a portion of the filtering capillaries, reducing the surface area available for filtration within the glomerular tuft.

mesangial

During reabsorption, H2O passes primarily through __________ that are formed by specific plasma membrane proteins in the tubular cells.

aquaporins

Metabolic acidosis caused by the inability of the kidneys to adequately secrete:

hydrogen ions

Do the kidneys secrete renin?

Yes, the Kidney secretes renin (important for salt conservation)

Potassium secretion in the principal cells of the distal and collecting tubules is coupled to __________reabsorption by the energy-dependent basolateral __________pump.

sodium; sodium-potassium

Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the EXCEPTION of the:

descending limb of Henle's loop

The __________ fluid that enters Henle's loop becomes progressively more concentrated (hypertonic) as it flows down the __________ limb.

isotonic; descending

Which of the following is not a function of the kidney?

regulation of plasma temperature

Once produced, urine travels through the ________ until it reaches the bladder, from which it is released into the external environment through the ________.

ureter : urethra

The inner region of the kidney that is made up of striated triangles or renal pyramids is referred to as the renal _________________.

medulla

The outer region of the kidney is referred to as the renal ___________________.

cortex

The kidney consists of three distinct anatomic areas: (1) the renal cortex, (2) the renal medulla and (3) the renal ____________________.

pelvis

Blood is delivered to the kidney via the renal _______________

artery

Blood leaves the kidney from the renal ____________.

vein

The functional unit of the kidney is the ____________________

nephron

Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole. T/F?

True

The ______________________ capillaries wrap around the nephron.

peritubular

What two structures make up the renal corpuscle?

Bowmanʹs capsule and glomerulus

After fluid passes through the entire proximal tubule, the fluid will enter the ________.

loop of henle

What capillaries come off of the efferent arterioles associated with juxtamedullary nephrons?

vasa recta

The spaces between the secondary foot processes are referred to as the ___________________ slits.

filtration

Substances can enter the renal tubules by what renal processes?

both filtration and secretion

Changes in mean arterial pressure have the potential to alter glomerular filtration rate by directly altering which of the following?

glomerular capillary blood pressure

Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular filtration. T/F

True

Glomerular filtration rate in a healthy male is normally equal to _______________ mL / min.

125

During myogenic regulation of glomerular filtration rate, an increase in mean arterial pressure will ________.

cause the afferent arterioles to constrict and thereby maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration pressure

During tubuloglomerular feedback of glomerular filtration rate, paracrines secreted from what structure cause constriction of the afferent arteriole?

macula densa

Contraction of mesangial cells results in a ________, which decreases glomerular filtration.

decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration

Changes in excitability of __________ and __________ cells are among the major clinical manifestations of pH abnormalities.

nerve; muscle

Control of ECF volume is important in the long-term regulation of __________.

blood pressure

Hyperventilation is a cause of:

respiratory alkalosis

Hypoventilation is a cause of:

respiratory acidosis

Plasma is the only fluid that can be acted on directly to control its volume and composition.

True

Sodium and chloride ions account for what percentage of the ECF osmotic activity?

at least 90%

The amount of sodium reabsorbed is controlled through the __________ system.

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

The body has four buffer systems: the H2CO3:HCO3- buffer system, the __________ buffer system, the hemoglobin buffer system, and the __________ buffer system.

protein; phosphate

The innermost layer of the digestive tract wall is referred to as the ___________________________________.

mucosa

The submucosa plexus exists in which layer of the digestive tract?

submucosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract wall is referred to as the _______________________________.

serosa

The pacemaker cells that exert the slow-wave potential are found in what layer of the digestive tract?

Muscularis externa

The pacemaker cells which induce spontaneous rhythmic cycles of depolarization and repolarization are called the interstitial cells of _______________________.

cajal

The intrinsic nervous system of the gastroinestinal tract is referred to as the _______________________ nervous system.

enteric

Acetylcholine released onto smooth muscle from either the enteric or parasympathetic nervous system results in ________________________ of the smooth muscle.

Contraction of the GI tract

Activation of the intrinsic nerve plexuses (the enteric nervous system) is an example of a _____________ reflex.

short

Which of the following is secreted from the salivary glands in the mouth?

Mucus

Amylase

Lysozyme

What is the name of the sphincter at the top of the esophagus?

upper esophageal sphincter

The vocal chords fold over the opening of the larynx which leads to the airway passages in the respiratory system during swallowing in order to ensure that food doesn't get inside of the lungs. What is the opening of the larynx called?

glottis

The upper portion of the stomach is referred to as the __________________.

fundus

What is the name of the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach?

pyloric sphincter

The stomach distends (stretches) when the volume of chyme is present. As the volume increases, which of the following occurs?

The membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells in the muscularis externa layer become depolarized

Acid in the duodenum of the small intestine:

1. induces the release of secretin

2. delays emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine

3. is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate

Which of the following cells secrete pepsinogen?

Chief Cells

Acetylcholine does NOT stimulate which of the following secretory cells?

D cells

Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete which of the following substances?

Histamine

A cross section of the digestive tube reveals four major tissue layers: (from the innermost layer outward) the mucosa, the __________, the muscularis externa, and the __________.

submucosa; serosa

Gastric emptying is largely controlled by factors in the __________.

duodenum

Gastric mixing takes place in the __________ of the stomach.

antrum

Saliva begins digestion of dietary starches through action of the enzyme:

salivary amylase

Segmentation not only accomplishes mixing, but also slowly moves __________ through the small intestine.

chyme

The exocrine pancreas secretes a pancreatic juice consisting of two components: pancreatic enzymes actively secreted by the __________ cells and an aqueous alkaline solution actively secreted by the __________ cells.

acinar; duct

The migrating motility complex is regulated between meals by what hormone?

motilin

The parietal (or oxyntic) cells secrete __________ and __________.

HCL; intrinsic factor

The effects of the endocrine system or rapid and short-lived. T/F

False

Overall, hormones travel a much greater distance in the endocrine system than neurotransmitters in the nervous system. T/F

True

Which of the following organs does not contain endocrine glands and is thus not included in the endocrine system?

The Lungs

Which of the following endocrine organs is located in the brain?

Hypothalamus

Lipophilic hormones bind to intracellular receptors or __________________ receptors.

nuclear

Steroid hormones are derivatives of ______ and thus considered lipophilic.

cholesterol

Epinephrine is both a ________and a __________.

neurotransmitter; hormone

All hormones exerts their effects on a single type of target cell. T/F

False

The more receptors specific for a hormone the ________________ the response of the target cell to a that specific hormone.

Greater

Abnormally high hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called ________.

secondary hypersecretion disorders

The _______ pituitary produces the hormones it secretes.

anterior

Which of the following is not an anterior pituitary hormone?

oxytocin

Which of the following is not a tropic hormone?

prolactin

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of what from the adrenal cortex?

cortisol

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from _____________________.

Hypothalamus

Prolactin is released from ___________________

Anterior pituitary

Vasopressin is released from ______________________.

Posterior pituitary

What hormone stimulates uterine contractions?

Oxytocin

What hormone is secreted from the pineal gland?

melatonin

Repetitive rhythmic fluctuations in hormone plasma concentrations is referred to as ________________

Circadian rhythms

Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Insulin-like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth. T/F

True

Which of the following is not true about growth hormone?

Growth hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary.

About 90% of the secretory product released from the thyroid gland is in the form of __________, yet __________ is about 10 times more biologically potent.

thyroxine; triiodothyronine

Closely related to thyroid hormone's metabolic effect is its __________ effect.

calorigenic

Cortisol exerts __________ and immunosuppressive effects to help hold these immune system responses in a check-and-balance fashion.

anti-inflammatory

Epinephrine __________ the overall metabolic rate.

increases

Glucose stimulates insulin secretion by means of a(n) __________ process.

excitation-secretion coupling

Insulin stimulates __________, the production of glycogen from glucose, in skeletal muscle and the liver.

glycogenesis

Glucagon secretion __________ during the post-absorptive state and __________ during the absorptive state.

increases; decreases

How many layers or zones does the adrenal cortex have?

3

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:

permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n):

tropic hormone

__________, a protein found in a special type of retinal ganglion cell, is the receptor molecule for light that keeps the body in tune with external time.

melanopsin

A tropic hormone's actions aimed at maintaining the structural integrity of its target gland are specifically known as __________ actions.

trophic

Hydrophilic peptides most commonly are inactivated by __________ of peptide bonds.

hydrolysis