Human Dimensions Exam 4

What is abundant wildlife from an ecological context?

Population that is at or near its long-term, sustainable biological carrying capacity

What is abundant wildlife from a Human Dimensions context?

population that is large enough to satisfy human needs

What is overabundant wildlife from an ecological context?

implies the population that exceeds habitat carrying capacity

What is overabundant wildlife from a Human Dimensions context?

A population that occurs in such numbers or densities that people have lost their tolerance for that species

What is abundant wildlife?

Wildlife populations that are large enough to provide benefits to human and are near carrying capacity without damaging habitat

What is overabundant?

wildlife populations that exceed ecological limits or human tolerance, causing more negative impacts than positive ones

Why is abundant wildlife considered a “double-edged sword?

it provides benefits (viewing, recreation, connection to nature) but also problems (crop damage, disease, accidents)

What is Messy or Wicked Problems from a Ecological assessments?

Focus on population needs and environmental effects compared with thresholds defined by scientific evaluation of habitat

What is the Messy or Wicked Problems from a Human Dimensions assessments?

Based on sociological and social-psychological evaluations that can vary widely among stakeholder groups and among individuals with a given group

What is Carrying Capacity (Biological)?

Traditional defined as the natural limit of a given habitat to sustain a wildlife population year after year, without long-term damage.

What is Carrying Capacity (Human Dimensions)?

Provides perspective on carrying capacity as it relates to social, economic, institutional, administrative, cultural, and legal limits

What are considerations for dealing with overabundant wildlife?

The assumption is that simply reducing the population will solve that problems associated with “overabundant” wildlife not a cause/effect relationship

(Overabundant) Each situation is unique and requires carful consideration before management action is taken for what 2 reasons?

1- all wildlife populations (even small, endangered ones)can create negative impacts that lead to human-wildlife conflicts

2- many wildlife damage problems cannot be alleviated simply by reducing the population

What are Beneficial impacts of wildlife populations?

Human health, wildlife-based jobs, enhance quality of life

What are the Detrimental impacts of wildlife populations?

Health and safety risks, economic losses (crops), quality of life (reduced outdoor activates

What does “The tragedy of being common”mean?

When wildlife becomes too abundant, people start seeing it as a problem instead of valuable

What is the brief history era of managing abundant wildlife?

Era of Abundance- NA views resources as limitless and inexhaustible

Era of Exploitation- excessive consumption of wildlife resources

Era of Protection- Law and Policies put into place

Era of Game Management- scientific approach to increasing variety of wildlife populations

What is the goal of modern wildlife management?

to balance wildlife populations within a socially acceptable range (not too many, not too few)

Why doesn’t reducing population always solve wildlife problems?

because conflicts are not just about number- they also depend on human behavior and environment

What are common methods to manage overabundant wildlife?

hunting/trapping, changing human behavior, habitat modification, compensation programs

What is setting “range” why does it rely on using HD research and stakeholder engagement practices?

each population will have limits (upper/lower) that define the range to tolerance of the surrounding human population; need to understand if society (as a whole) benefits most if a population

What are the situations wildlife agencies are likely to make a mistake in estimating an acceptable population density?

1- the wildlife population estimation in question is increasing or decreasing fast

2-the population simultaneously provides both great benefits and causes great problems for society

3-stakeholder groups are divided as what represents an appropriate level of abundance

In the US wildlife management is the responsibility of the state, except of what three situations?

1-when the actions of one state affect another state

2-when the species is listed for protection under the ESA

3-when managing species covered by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

In managing multi-scale issues what is a general rule?

national interests will override local or state interests for all species managed at the federal level (ESA/MBA)

Stakeholder engagement can help sort out the weight to give the varied interests in a given species; Manager still must answer the question-

How do I weight the tangible and immediate concerns of local stakeholders against the intangible concerns of stakeholders in a far-off location, who may never visit the aera

What are some methods to address negative impacts of overabundant species? (hunting/trapping)

benefits-cost effective as the hunters/trappers are willing volunteers

downsides-declining hunter/trapper numbers & local changes in laws regulating methods makes this very challenging

methods-increase bag limits

how do you influence behavior of those experiencing negative impacts?

reducing the negative impacts of wildlife is to change the way that stakeholders interact with wildlife so they are less vulnerable EX: homeowners in deer heavy areas lose landscaping plants-can use less palatable species and fence off areas of particular concern.

What does increasing tolerance of wildlife impacts do?

increase use of overabundant species by stakeholders being negatively affected-increase viewing or hunting rates among stakeholders-limits to effectiveness include financial considerations

What are some methods to assist landowners include?

Depredation permits-allow landowners to kill animals in the act of damaging their property

Loan of equipment-allows landowners to use noise-makers; air cannons to scare animals from their crops

Compensation-Direct payments to landowners to crop/livestock damaged by wildlife

What are challenges from a Urban/Suburban residents for overabundant wildlife management?

Diverse stakeholders- hunters/consumers, non hunters/consumers, and anti hunters

What are conflicts resulting in injury from an education & outreach of management of overabundant wildlife?

due to lack of perceived risk from close encounters form wildlife-Yellowstone, 56 people between 1978-1992- snake bites result in people picking them up.

What and when is the National Survey of Hunting, Fishing, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation? Who requested it?

happens every 5 years - measures importance of wildlife based recreation to the American people it was requested by state fish & wildlife agencies

What is the National Survey of Hunting, Fishing, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation based on?

US Census interviews, contacting 42,340 households (total 105,698 participants)

How many Americans participated in wildlife-related activities?

about 90.1 million people (38% of american 16+)

How much money is spent on wildlife-related activities?

about 145 billion (1% of US GDP)

how many people participate in fishing?

39.9million people

How many people participate in hunting?

14.4 million people

What is wildlife watching?

non-consumptive activity like observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife

What What are the three main funding sources for wildlife managment?

General fund, Game and Fish, Natural Resources & heritage Funds

What are some fish and game dedicated accounts for wildlife?

deer and bear management, Waterfowl habitat, trout and salmon, wild Turkey management, walleye stamp

What else can fun Wildlife or ES?

consumptive-fines for fish and game violations, confiscated gear goes to agency, proceeds to school

non-consumptive-bird seed tax, binocular tax, field guide tax

What are some effects the pandemic had on wildlife management?

more remote work & school - increased flexibility & time

loss of jobs - loss of income , more time

less food availability - game became important

changing priorities - leisure time valued

license sales increased

What is happening to hunter participation over time?

slight decline in number and an increase in money spent per person?

Where are we headed with the funding of wildlife managmenet?

Budget crunches, CT trying not to layoff/fire 3 full time wildlife jobs

few entry level jobs - more competition with experienced people

MN not replacing retirements & closing offices - Bemidji’s office is slated to close next year

Non consumptive users will have to pay - will come with greater voice and reduce control over consumptive users

What are likely White house policies with the new administration?

Drill, baby, drill - expansion of onshore oil production and Natural gas

public land - likely reduced in monuments and parks, mining next to BWCA, outright loss - Utah 18.5 million acers

What are the Nominees of the new administration?

Secretary of the Interior - Doug Burgrum (strong ties to oil and gas and lack strong public land policy

History of relaxing environmental regulations

What does Urbanization, Affluence, and Rural Gentrification in Demographic Influences on Wildlife Recreation mean?

80% of US & Canada live in cities, 50% of world lives in cities - Means fewer people directly interacting with wildlife in traditional ways (less concern for habitat loss)

How does an aging population affect wildlife use?

Decrease in hunting/fishing, Increase in wildlife watching

What is the focus of HD research in wildlife management?

Participants’ traits, Motivational orientation, Activity-related satisfaction

What questions are we interested in asking for HD research in wildlife management?

-Why do people become engaged in wildlife use activities?

-Why do they continue to participate or stop participating?

-How can participation be influenced?

What two key questions needed to understand the demographic influences on wildlife recreation?

-Why do people participate in activities related to wildlife use?

-Why do people continue (or cease) Participation?

What are the three basic motivations for understanding the demographic influences on wildlife recreation?

Appreciation - to feel close to nature

Affiliation - means to be with others

Achievement - Shoot animal, catch fish, see different species