Toxicology Exam 4

Most common pharmaceuticals found in high levels of wastewater/water ways

Anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and analgesics

General concerns of antibiotics

No heavy regulation

Pollution

Alter microbial composition

Inhibit growth and damage chlorophyll of algaes

Varying toxicity levels

General concerns of antidepressants

Hinder migration, reproduction and interaction

Chronic exposure leads to long term behavioral changes

Lipophilic

Promote bioaccumulation and biomagnification

General concerns of hormones

Not regulated

Get into groundwater

Cause pituitary tumors

How does HFCS differ from glucose

HFCS is made from free monosaccharides while sucrose is made from disaccharides

Benefits of HFCS

Stable in acidic food and beverages

Cheaper to produce and sell

Risks of HFCS

Associated with many metabolic disorders

Linked to neuroinflammation and impaired cognitive function

General mechanism of toxicity of HFCS in the liver

Disrupts insulin signaling pathways and impaired glucose regulation

General mechanism of toxicity of HFCS in brain

Reduces brain derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus which is critical for learning, memory, and neuron survival

Impairs brain development, disrupts cognitive function, causes long term molecular change

Role of alpha-dicarbonyls in promoting cancer

Highly reactive alkylating agents that induce non-enzymatic glucosylation of proteins

Cause cancer through the activation of insulin/IGF 1 pathway, fructose metabolism, promotion of chronic inflammation, excessive consumption, and hydromethylfurfural contamination

What are phtalates and what are they used for?

Used to make plastics more flexible and more stable

Used as additives in PVCs for food packaging, adhesive, sealants, cosmetics, children’s toys, perfume, food containers, etc

General characteristics of phthalate ADME

Inhaled, ingested through water, food, soil, dust, directly through cosmetics

Cause endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, apoptosis/cell death, carcinogen potential

Short half lives easily metabolized, highly lipophilic, bioaccumulate

Low MW easier to digest since they can leave the source easily

Magnify in soils, crops, ground water

General mechanism of toxicity of phthalates in EDCs

Interfere with hormonal signaling by mimicking, blocking, or altering production of a hormone and alter gene expression through interactions with DNA

Typical types and purpose of nanoparticles in food packaging

Improve shelf life, food safety, and product quality

Benefits of nanoparticles

Reduce risk of e coli

Improve food science

Lessen burden of cost

Increase nutrient absorption

Reduce food waste

Supplement loss of nutrients

Risks of nanoparticles

Alter defense mechansism

Bioaccumulation

Migration of metals

Enter the environment

Mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles in food packaging

Bioaccumulate and attach to red blood cells that decrease oxygen binding

Resistance of bacteria by binding to biofilms

Endocrine disruptors

Produce ROS that result in oxidative stress, bacterial cell damage, destory organelles

General mechanism of toxicity of cafffeine

Inhibition of adenosine receptor leads to overalertness or restlessness that leads to headaches, insomnia, increase in heart rate that cause vasoconstriction and jitteriness, and urine production increase that causes dehydration

Adrenaline and noradrenaline release stimulates beta-1 and beta-2 receptors in heart and lungs that leads to tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypotension, and tremors

Phosphodiesterase inhibition increases cAMP and calcium that enhances cardiac contractility and tachycardia

GABA antagonism contributes to CNS stimulation and seizure risks

How do levels of caffeine produce toxicity in the CNS and heart

Promotes wakefulness, anxiety, jitters, headaches, drowsiness, irritability

Cause high heart rate, high blood pressure, arrythmias/heart palpitations, heart enlargement

Why is caffeine beneficial in exercise performance