albright chap 37

The Feminine Mystique

Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan published in $1960$, which sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.

rock 'n' roll

A "crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the $1950s$, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country.

Checkers Speech

A nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon in which he defended himself against accusations of corruption and saved his place on the ticket.

McCarthyism

A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Congressional hearings in $1954$ called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties, leading to his downfall.

Jim Crow

A system of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-$20^{th}$ century.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A protest sparked by Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus in $1955$, involving black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court decision in $1954$ that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and abolished racial segregation in public schools.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A youth organization founded by southern black students in $1960$ to promote civil rights.

Operation Wetback

A government program in the $1950s$ to roundup and deport as many as $1,000,000$ illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense.

Policy of Boldness

Foreign policy objective of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to engage the Soviet Union directly and roll back communist influence worldwide.

Hungarian Uprising

A series of demonstrations in Hungary in $1956$ against the Soviet Union.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in $1954$ where French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh.

Suez Crisis

An international crisis launched in $1956$ when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, previously owned by French and British stockholders.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An organization aimed at controlling access to and prices of oil, taking power from western companies.

Sputnik

The first Soviet satellite launched into Earth orbit on October $4$, $1957$.

Kitchen Debate

A televised exchange in $1959$ between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon regarding capitalism and socialism.

Abstract Expressionism

An experimental style of mid-$20^{th}$-century modern art exemplified by Jackson Pollock.

International Style

An archetypal modernist architectural style best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises.

Beat Generation

A small coterie of mid-$20^{th}$-century bohemian writers and personalities, led by figures like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

Southern Renaissance

A literary movement marking a new critical appreciation of the South's burdens of history, racism, and conservatism.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

The $34^{th}$ president of the United States and former Supreme Commander of US Forces in Europe during WWII.

Richard M. Nixon

The vice president under Eisenhower who defended American capitalism in the Kitchen Debate and later became the $37^{th}$ president.

Elvis Presley

An icon of popular culture whose voice and style helped popularize rock 'n' roll music in the mid-$1950s$.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from $1953$ to $1969$, known for leading the Court toward liberal decisions like Brown v. Board of Education.

Nikita Khrushchev

Premier of the Soviet Union from $1958$ to $1964$ who was involved in the Kitchen Debate and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary nationalist leader of North Vietnam who opposed French and Japanese occupation.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary who overthrew the Batista dictatorship in $1958$ and aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union.

John F. Kennedy

The $35^{th}$ president of the United States who launched New Frontier programs and was assassinated in $1963$.

Lyndon B. Johnson

The $36^{th}$ president of the United States who oversaw the Great Society, the War on Poverty, and the escalation of the Vietnam War.

Jackson Pollock

New York-based painter who became the father of abstract expressionism with his spontaneous "action paintings."

Andy Warhol

Pioneering "Pop" artist known for his iconic portraits of Cold War America's material objects, including soup cans and soda bottles.

Eero Saarinen

Finnish-American architect and industrial designer who perfected his sleek, machine-like building style in such modernist landmarks as New York's TWA Flight Center and St. Louis's Gateway Arch.

Jack Kerouac

Frenetic novelist and progenitor of the bohemian Beat Generation (a term he coined). He gained celebrity after publishing the group's unofficial bible, On the Road.

Allen Ginsberg

New Jersey-born poet who served as spokesman of the Beat Generation. The $1956$ publication of his Howl and Other Poems sparked a San Francisco literary renaissance and a local obscenity trial that brought nationwide publicity to the bohemian Beat movement.

Arthur Miller

New York-born playwright who dramatized the pitfalls of postwar American materialism in Death of a Salesman and Cold War hysteria in The Crucible, among other plays.