Revolutions (including Industrial Rev)

What was the first settlement in America and what type of government did they have?

Jamestown established a government called the House of Burgesses (their form of Parliament)

Who wanted religious freedom in the new world?

The Puritans (they abided by the Mayflower Compact)

How did the Native’s way of living change as Puritan colonization grew?

• Had to work as laborers as agricultural lands were shrinking

• Loss of their homes, culture, traditions, and beliefs

• Forcibly converted to Christianity

• Later went into war against the Puritans (King Philip's/Metacom’s War)

What were the causes for the American Revolution?

• Denial of rights

• Quartering of soldiers

• Suspension of legislature

• Restriction of trade

• Taxation without representation

What rights were guaranteed in the Declaration of Independence?

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

What were some reasons why the Articles of Confederation failed?

They had a weak central government, no respect, quarrels over tariffs, and Shay’s Rebellion occurred

After the failed Articles of Confederation, what was the new plan for the government called?

The U.S Constitution

How many branches of government does the Constitution have?

Three branches of government

What ideas were found in the Constitution?

Limited government, republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and natural rights

Who supported the Constitution?

The federalists who supported a strong, central/federal government. They wrote the Federalist Papers

Who opposed the Constitution?

The Anti-Federalists who opposed a strong, central government. They wanted to add the Bill of Rights

The U.S’s philosophy to dominate North America and spread capitalism is known as __________.

Manifest Destiny

Who did Tupac Amaru II (descendent from Inca Emperors) rebel against and why?

He rebelled against the Spanish as a protest of treatment (Spanish Mit’a) and taxes

Was Tupac Amaru II’s rebellion successful?

No, but he led the largest Andean uprising against the Spanish. The ones who were successful in freeing Spanish South America was San Martin and Simon Bolivar (Jamaica Letter)

What led to Revolutions in Spanish Latin America?

• Spanish Crown, Catholic Church and men (groups in control)

• The blending of different cultures (racially mixed)

• The embracing of Enlightenment ideas (popular sovereignty)

How did Simon Bolivar free Latin America from Spanish rule?

Through recruiting rebels (including the oppressed Indians and Creoles), San Martin and Simon Bolivar worked their way north and met forces

Why was the Jamaica Letter, crafted by Simon Bolivar, written to England?

England was a European country that supported democracy. The Spanish disliked France because of Napoleon

What was the goal of the Jamaica Letter?

To gain support and list complaints against the Spanish

What are some examples of the complaints Simon Bolivar listed?

• They were treated like slaves

• They were denied access to positions in government and Church

• Economic restraints

Who led Revolutions in Mexico on behalf of the Indians and Mestizos populations?

Father Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

What was the effect of the Mexican Revolution?

The Creoles will have power, yet the masses are still oppressed

What were some results of the Latin American Revolutions?

• Rigid social hierarchy (Creoles on top)

• Catholic Church remains important

• Patriarchal society (Women weren’t allowed to vote until 1953)

What were peonages in Latin America?

Latin Americans who worked for large landowners. The employers then paid their workers with vouchers that could only be used at their own stores. High prices and low wages led to debt.

Latin American army leaders that asserted their power and became dictators are also known as __________.

Caudillos

What was President Monroe’s viewpoint in the Monroe Doctrine?

To explain the US’s international policy and the prevention of future European colonization

What did Lola Rodriguez de Tio fight for?

Being on of Latin America’s most important early feminists, she fought for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery

What happened to Puerto Rico in 1898?

After Spain colonized Puerto Rico, the US declared war on Spain. The US then invaded Puerto Rico, and Puerto Rico became US territory

How did Puerto Rico generate wealth in the 1900s?

Through sugar, tobacco and coffee plantations

What played a role in the US influence in Latin America?

The United Fruit Company

What did the National Convention consist of when regaining control?

A Two House legislature controlled by Moderates and an executive branch called the directory (the executive branch was very corrupt and stole money from people)

Who was Napoleon?

A “military genius” who supported the revolutionists and loved power

How did Napoleon rise of power?

After being granted control of the army (by the directory), he took control of the French government in a coup d’etat

Who did France eventually sign peace agreements with?

After being at war with these countries: Britain, Austria and Russia

What was the Napoleonic Code?

Laws that help re-establish stability in France but took away some liberties people gained in the Revolution

Why did people support Napoleon becoming emperor?

Because of the Concordat (Napoleon’s agreement with the Catholic Church), lycees (public schools) and the Bank of France (helps solve economic problems)

How did the Continental System contribute to Napoleon’s downfall?

It prevented trade between Great Britain and Europe with blockades. The British became angry and attacked France

How did the Peninsular War contribute to Napoleon’s downfall?

• Napoleon sent troops to invade Portugal because they ignored Continental System

• Spain revolts; Napoleon disapproves so he puts his brother on the Spanish throne

• Catholic Spain dislikes how he weakened the Church (took crown from Pope)

• Spain used guerilla warfare and weakens the French Empire

How did War with Russia contribute to Napoleon’s downfall?

Russians used the scorched-earth policy and burned anything the French might use as food

What happened once all of Napoleon’s alliances were broken?

He is defeated and exiled to Saint Helena (after escaping his first exile)

What was the Congress of Vienna?

The five great powers of Europe (Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) met to decide the fate of Europe after Napoleon

Metternich, Austria’s minister, was the most influential at the Congress of Vienna. What were his three goals during the meeting?

1. Prevent French aggression

2. Restore balance of power

3. Return legitimacy (hereditary right of a monarch to rule)

To prevent French aggression, they made the countries around it stronger. Which countries?

Formed kingdoms of the Netherlands, the German Confederation, and the Independence of Switzerland

When Louis XVI’s took the throne of France, which type of government was adopted?

They affirmed legitimacy and adopted a limited monarchy

What were some short-term effects of the the Congress of Vienna?

The Conservatives regained control of the government, and it triggered revolts in colonies

What are some examples of long-term effects of the Congress of Vienna?

• Creation of new countries and age of peace in Europe

• Decreased France’s power but increases Britain and Prussia’s power

• Europe adopts more equal treatment for people in the economy and government

• Growth of nationalism

What factors led Europe into a period of economic expansion (Commercial Revolution)?

Global trade, mercantilism, and free-enterprise

The introduction to new crop rotations and selective breeding is called __________ (also known as the British Agricultural Revolution)

the 2nd Agricultural Revolution

What new agricultural techniques were adopted during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?

Jethro Tull’s seed drill, crop rotations, and natural fertilizers

What was the Population Revolution and its factors?

• Europe experiences a huge population growth after 1730

• Factors: improved nutrition (potato) and reduced child mortality rate

What were the Enclosure Acts?

A series of acts that were passed that allowed wealthy lords in Great Britain to purchase public fields and push out small farmers

How did the Enclosure Acts aid the Industrial Revolution?

Male farmers would provide labor for new industries in the Industrial Revolution

What factors contributed to the industrial production?

• Close to waterways

• Urbanization

• Protection of private property

• Access to foreign resources and distribution of coal, iron and timber

• Capital (money)

What new technologies emerged during the 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)?

Steel, electricity, telephone, radio, petroleum, and chemicals

What new powers emerged during teh 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Germany, the US (because of Manifest Destiny), and Japan

What did they use to mass produce automobiles?

Effective assembly lines (Ford was successful as he was paying more so more people wanted to work for him)

How was free enterprise developed?

Absolute monarchs wanted new ways to get more money, mercantilism developed, and Charters (business owners risked their money to try and get more money)

What were the working conditions like in factories?

While factory owners grew richer, the conditions within the working class worsened. It was dangerous, dirty, with long hours and low pay.

What were the effects of urbanization?

• A large population shift because laborers were moving to the cities

• Pollution, crowded, and unsanitary

• Laborers lived in tenements

How did Queen Victoria benefit the working class?

Limited the working hours, created safer working conditions, and banned women and children from working in mines

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Proved better sanitary practices, developed new vaccines, and found out diseases were caused by germs

What are some examples of reform movements that took place during the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

• Municipal: sewer systems, police/fire forces, and free public schools

• Worker unions

• Merchants want political power

What did the Reform Bill of 1832 do?

It gave greater representation in Parliament and extended voting rights to the middle class (all adult males could vote). This was to try and avoid a revolution

How did Germany become unified?

Germany made up of smaller states → Prussia organize German states into custom union → Prussia industrializes faster than Austria and France → After wars, Germany is united! (Prussia’s king becomes Germany’s Kaiser

How did Italy become unified?

Prime Minister of Italy says railroads are good for economy → Drives Austria out of Northern Italy → Added of Kingdom of Piedmont → Piedmont ruler became Italy’s king

What were some things that people did during Mass Leisure Culture?

Vacation and lawn tennis