second great awakening

second great awakening

religious revival party a reaction to the rationalism of the enlightenment period+ american revolution. among educated people

peter cartwright

american preacher. Helped start the 2nd greatawakening

charles grandson finney

started a series of revivals in NY, appealed to emotions and fear of damnation rather than rational argument, got thousands to declare their revived faith. preached every individual could be saved through faith and hard work (appealed to the middle class)

burned over district

western NY with help from Finney. the area was so “burned over” by the previous religious enthusiasm that it was hard to revive, yet finney helped revive the religion

mormons

emerged during the second great awakening under Joseph Smith. Moved to Utah

Brigham Young

lead the mormons migration to utah to escape religious persecution

william miller

founded millennialism - Jesus would return soon

Timothy Dwight

helped start the 2nd great awakening. Calvinist - personal salvation and societal reform

tax supported public education

movement for free public schooling funded by states; aimed to create informed citizens and reduce poverty

higher education

new colleges founded, women gain access to higher learning for the first time

horace mann

“father of public education”; pushed for longer school years, trained teachers and standardized curriculum

william h. mcguffey

created Mcguffey readers - moralistic textbooks teaching literacy and values

oberlin college

first college to admit both women and black students

mary lyon and mount holyoke

founded the first womens college (mount holyoke female seminary)

lyceum lectures

public lecture circuits spreading knowledge on science, philosophy, and reform

noah webster

standardized american english with his dictionary and spelling books

age of reform

early 1800s wave of movements to improve society - education, prisons, temperance, women’s rights, abolition

temperance

movement to reduce or ban alcohol consumption; linked alcohol to poverty and crime

dorothea dix

reformer who exposed abuse in prisons and asylums; pushed for humane treatment of mentally ill

american temperance society

major organization promoting abstience from alcohol

maine law of 1851

first statewide prohibition law; banned alcohol sales

thomas gallaudet

advocate for the deaf; founded first american school of the deaf

samuel gridley howe

advocate for the blind; founded perkins school for the blind

catherine beecher

promoted wmone as educators, argued woemn were morally suited for teaching

william ladd

leader if peace movement, promoted international arbitration

neal S. Dow

father of prohibition; the figure behind the maine law

cult of domesticity

idealized women as moral guardians of the home; limited them to domestic roles

sarah and angelina grimke

southern sisters who became abolitionists and early womens rights advocated

lucretia mott

quaker reforer; co- organized Seneca falls convention

elizabeth cady stanton

leading womens rights activist; co authored the declaration of sentiments

susan b anthony

major suffrage leader'; pushed for womens political rights and legal equality

amelia bloomer

advocated dress reform for women (bloomers)

seneca falls convention (1848)

first womens rights convetnion, demanded sufferage and equality

lucy stone

prominent sufferagist; kept her maiden name (lucy stoner)

utopia

ideal communities created to escape industrial society and experiment with new social models

new harmony

robert owen’s socialist community; amined for equality and communal living

brook farm

transcentalist community blending intellectual life with manual labor

margaret fuller

tracendentalist minister; social reformer and abolitionist

oneida community

founded by john humphrey noyes; practiced communal marriage and shared poverty

john humphrey noyes

leader of oneida; believe in perfectionalism

shakers

led by mother ann lee; practiced celibacy, communal living, and simple craftmanship

amana colonies

german pietist communities focused on simple, communal life

fourier phalanxes

communities based on charles fourier’s socialist ideas emphasized cooperative labor

mother ann lee

founder of the shakers; believed she was the female incarnation of christ

antislavery movement

broad effort to end slavery; ranged from gradual emancipation to immediate abolition

black abolitionists

african american leaders who fought slavery through writing, speeches, and activism

violence

abolitionists faced mob attacks; some advocated armed resistance

american colonization society

proposed sending freed african americans to africa; controversial

american antislavery society

founded by garrison; demanded immediate emancipation

william lloyd garrison

radical abolitionist; published the liberator'; called for immediate end to slavery

liberty party

political party advocating abolition through electoral politics

fredrick douglass

former enslaved man; leading abolitionist orator and writer

harriet tubman

escaped enslaved woman; underground railroad conductor who rescued hundreds

sojourner truth

former enslaved woman; abolitionist and women’s rights speaker (ain’t i a women)

david walker

wrote appeal to the colored cictezens of the wolrld urging resistance to slavery

martin delany

black nationalist'; promoted black self determination and emigration