AP GOV AND POLITIcs

Who proposed the idea of natural rights?

John Locke

What are the three natural rights?

Life, liberty, and property

What is popular sovereignty?

The idea that government gets its power from the people

What is the social contract?

An agreement where people give government power in exchange for protection of rights

What is republicanism?

A system where citizens elect representatives

What is limited government?

The principle that government power is restricted

Why was separation of powers created?

To prevent tyranny

What are checks and balances?

Powers each branch has to limit the others

What are the five major AP Gov themes?

Balance of power, federalism, civil liberties and civil rights, political participation, and public policy

What branch makes laws?

Legislative branch

What branch enforces laws?

Executive branch

What branch interprets laws?

Judicial branch

What document declared independence from Britain?

Declaration of Independence

What are the required foundational documents for AP Gov?

Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, Federalist 10, Federalist 51, Brutus 1, Letter from Birmingham Jail

What did Federalist 10 argue?

Factions are inevitable and a large republic controls them best

What did Federalist 51 argue?

Checks and balances protect liberty

What did Brutus 1 warn about?

A powerful national government

What did Letter from Birmingham Jail support?

Civil disobedience against unjust laws

What plan favored large states?

Virginia Plan

What plan favored small states?

New Jersey Plan

What is federalism?

Division of power between national and state governments

What are enumerated powers?

Powers specifically listed in the Constitution

What are implied powers?

Powers inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause

What are reserved powers?

Powers left to the states

What are concurrent powers?

Powers shared by state and federal governments

What amendment reserves powers to the states?

10th Amendment

What is dual federalism?

State and federal governments operate separately

What is cooperative federalism?

State and federal governments work together

What are categorical grants?

Federal grants with strict requirements

What are block grants?

Federal grants with broad guidelines

What are unfunded mandates?

Federal requirements without funding

What is the Elastic Clause?

The Necessary and Proper Clause allowing implied powers

What clause allows implied powers?

Necessary and Proper Clause

What does the Commerce Clause allow?

Congress to regulate interstate commerce

What does the Supremacy Clause establish?

Federal law overrides state law

What does the Due Process Clause protect?

Life, liberty, and property

What does the Equal Protection Clause guarantee?

Equal treatment under the law

What does the Establishment Clause do?

Prevents government establishment of religion

What does the Free Exercise Clause protect?

Religious practice

What did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial review

What is judicial review?

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional

What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish?

Implied powers and federal supremacy

What did United States v. Lopez limit?

Commerce Clause power

What did Brown v. Board of Education rule?

School segregation is unconstitutional and overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

What did Baker v. Carr establish?

One person, one vote

What did Shaw v. Reno limit?

Racial gerrymandering

What did Tinker v. Des Moines protect?

Student symbolic speech

What did Engel v. Vitale ban?

School-sponsored prayer

What did Wisconsin v. Yoder protect?

Religious exercise

What did New York Times v. United States protect?

Freedom of the press from prior restraint

What did Schenck v. United States allow?

Limits on speech that creates clear and present danger

What did Gideon v. Wainwright guarantee?

Right to an attorney

What did Miranda v. Arizona require?

Miranda warnings

What did Citizens United v. FEC protect?

Political spending as free speech

What did Youngstown v. Sawyer limit?

Presidential power

What are civil liberties?

Protections from government interference

What are civil rights?

Protections against discrimination

What are the five freedoms of the First Amendment?

Speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition

What is symbolic speech?

Actions expressing ideas protected by the First Amendment

What is selective incorporation?

Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment

What clause is central to civil rights?

Equal Protection Clause

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

Discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and national origin

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protect?

Minority voting rights

What are core American political values?

Individualism, equality of opportunity, free enterprise, rule of law, limited government

What is political socialization?

The process of developing political beliefs

What are agents of political socialization?

Family, school, media, religion, peers

What is public opinion?

Citizens’ attitudes about politics and government

What is a liberal ideology?

Supports more government involvement in the economy and social welfare

What is a conservative ideology?

Supports limited government intervention

What is libertarianism?

Supports minimal government in both social and economic issues

What is political efficacy?

Belief that participation matters

What is internal efficacy?

Confidence in understanding politics

What is external efficacy?

Belief government responds to citizens

What are linkage institutions?

Structures connecting people to government

Name four linkage institutions.

Elections, parties, interest groups, media

What amendment gave women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

What amendment lowered voting age to 18?

26th Amendment

What amendment banned poll taxes?

24th Amendment

What is a PAC?

Political Action Committee that can donate to campaigns

What is a Super PAC?

Can spend unlimited money independently of campaigns

What is agenda setting?

Media influencing what issues people think about

What is framing?

Media influencing how people think about issues

What is horse race journalism?

Media focus on election competition

Which chamber is based on population?

House of Representatives

Which chamber has equal representation?

Senate

How many members are in the House?

435

How long are House terms?

2 years

How long are Senate terms?

6 years

Who leads the House?

Speaker of the House

What is a filibuster?

Extended debate delaying a vote

What ends a filibuster?

Cloture

How many votes are needed for cloture?

60 votes

What is congressional oversight?

Congress monitoring the executive branch

What is a veto?

Presidential rejection of legislation

How can Congress override a veto?

2/3 vote in both houses

What is an executive order?

A directive issued by the president with the force of law

What is an executive agreement?

International agreement without Senate approval

What is the bully pulpit?

Using media to influence policy

What is the bureaucracy?

Government agencies that implement laws

What is bureaucratic discretion?

Flexibility in how agencies enforce laws