ANSC 318 TAMU - Carstens Exam 1

Small intestine

For pigs, the _______ is the primary site of the gastrointestinal tract where lipid is digested.

Digest alpha glycosidic bonds between sugar molecules

Maltase is an enzyme that functions to:

horses

As a proportion of total gastrointestinal tract volume, ____________ have the smallest stomachs.

Stomach

Propionic acid is one of the end products of starch fermentation. In ruminant animals, where will propionic acid be absorbed from?

Horses and Pigs

Niacin should be supplemented to which animals?

Neutral Detergent Fiber

Which chemical assay will most accurately predict the total fiber content in a feed?

Maltase and amylase

Which two enzymes would be effective in digesting starch carbohydrates?

Cellulose

Which polysaccharide contains beta glycosidic linkages?

Monosaccharide

Glucose

Monosaccharide

Fructose

Monosaccharide

Galactose

Monosaccharide

Mannose

Monosaccharide

Arabinose

Monosaccharide

Xylose

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Disaccharide

Lactose

Disaccharide

Maltose

Disaccharide

Cellobiose

Polysaccharide

Araban

Polysaccharide

Xylan

Polysaccharide

Starch

Polysaccharide

Glycogen

Polysaccharide

Fructans

Polysaccharide

Cellulose

Mixed Polysaccharide

Hemicellulose

Mixed Polysaccharide

Pectin

Mixed Polysaccharide

Gum

Mixed Polysaccharide

Lignin

alpha 1,4 linkage

What type of bond(s) does amylose have?

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 linkages

What type of bond(s) does amylopectin have?

BETA glycosidic bonds

What type of bond(s) does cellulose have?

ALPHA glycosidic bonds

What type of bond(s) does starch have?

BETA glycosidic bonds

What type of bond(s) does hemicellulose have?

ALPHA glycosidic linkage

What type of bond(s) does maltose have?

BETA glycosidic linkage

What type of bond(s) does cellobiose have?

Lignin

Which saccharide is NOT a carbohydrate?

By enzymes

How can the glycosidic bond in maltose be broken?

By microbes

How can the glycosidic bond in cellobiose be broken?

False

T/F

Starch CHO is digested in the stomach of the pig or horse

True

T/F

The stomach of a ruminant is ALL fermentation

True

T/F

There is NO fermentative digestion in the stomach of a nonruminant or hind-gut fermenter

False

T/F

There is more starch digestion in a ruminant than a nonruminant

True

T/F

A cow is capable of digesting starch enzymatically

False

T/F

Sugar molecules can be absorbed out of the rumen

Horses

Which animal is capable of fermenting large amounts of Fiber CHO?

True

T/F

Nothing happens to Fiber CHO in the stomach or SI of the horse

False

T/F

VFAs cannot be absorbed in the hindgut

True

T/F

Triglycerides are the #1 way of storing fat in an animal

False

T/F

Waxes are more digestible than true fats

True Fats

Molecules in which LCFAs are linked together by ester bonds with glycerol

Waxes

Molecules in which LCFAs are linked together by ester bonds with an alcohol other than glycerol

True

T/F

The more double bonds there are in a LCFA, the lower the melting point will be

False

T/F

The longer the LCFA, the lower the melting point will be

Fiber Digestion is decreased

What happens when there is too much unsaturated FA in the diet of a ruminant?

Glucose

What is the major building block of Carbohydrates?

Fatty Acids

What is the major building block of Lipids?

Amino Acids

What is the major building block of Proteins?

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arganine

Leucine

Lysine

What are the Essential Amino Acids?

Arginine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Tyrosine

What are the Conditionally Essential Amino Acids?

Alanine

Asparagine

Aspartate

Glutamate

Glycine

Serine

What are the Non-Essential Amino Acids?

Pepsinogen

Enzyme secreted into the stomach and converted into Pepsin by HCl

Trypsinogen

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine and converted to trypsin by enterokinase

Enterokinase

Enzyme secreted by the cells of the duodenum

Chymotrypsinogen

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine and converted into chymotrypsin by trypsin

Dipeptidases

Enzymes secreted by the cells of the small intestine

Procarbocypeptidase

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine and converted to carboxypeptidase

Calcium

Phosphorus

Sodium

Chlorine

Potassium

Magnesium

Sulfur

What are the Macrominerals?

True

T/F

Macro and Microminerals are both important in all of our bodily support functions

Bioavailability

Amount of nutrient that an animal can actually utilize

False

T/F

Animals can synthesize vitamins

Microbes

Who synthesizes vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

True

T/F

Vitamin K is the only fat soluble vitamin that can be synthesized by microbes

False

T/F

Vitamins don't need to be supplemented in an animal's diet

True

T/F

Feeds with higher NDF will have lower intake by animals

True

T/F

Feeds with high ADF will be less digestible and give less energy

Conventional Digestion Trial

Most accurate way to measure nutrient digestibility

Decreases

As plant maturity increases, Digestibility _______________

Decrease

Grinding or Pelleting a forage will _______________ digestibility

Increase

Processing a grain will ______________ digestibilty

Decresed

During cold stress, digestibility is ________________

Not Affected

During heat stress, digestibility is _______________

True

T/F

Roughages have more gaseous energy and heat increment loss than grains

Gross Energy

Represents the potential energy of a feed

Animal Based

What is the most efficient source of protein?

Cereal Grain

What is the least efficient source of protein?

Low EAA content

Why is cereal grain the least efficient source of protein?

False

T/F

An animal will gain weight if they are meeting their maintenance requirements

True

T/F

Smaller animals have higher heat production per pound than larger animals

They have more skin surface area per pound

Why do smaller animals have higher heat production per pound than larger animals?

77

What is the Metabolic Body Size of beef cattle?

56

What is the Metabolic Body Size of Sheep?

80

What is the Metabolic Body Size of Dairy Cattle?

Body Frame

Sex

Body Weight

What are the 3 factors that affect NEg requirements in cattle?

Barrows > Gilts > Boars

Compare feed intake in swine

Increases

During cold stress, feed intake ______________

Decreases

During heat stress, feed intake _______________