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48 Terms
What is the independent variable (IV)?
What you change
What is the dependent variable (DV)?
What you measure
What are controlled variables?
What stays the same
Order of biological organization?
Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
What do all living things have?
Cells
Atom
Smallest unit of an element
Molecule
Atoms bonded together
Organelle
Structure inside a cell
Cell
Smallest unit of life
Tissue
Group of similar cells
Organ
Group of tissues
Organism
Whole living thing
Three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Which are prokaryotes?
Bacteria + Archaea
What is in Eukarya?
Animals, plants, fungi, protists
What is an element?
Pure substance with one type of atom
3 subatomic particles?
Proton (+), Neutron (0), Electron (−)
How do you find neutrons?
Mass − protons
What is an isotope?
Same element, different neutrons
What is an ion?
Atom that gained or lost electrons
Losing electrons results in
Positive
Gaining electrons results in what charge?
Negative (−)
What is atomic mass?
Protons + neutrons
How are electrons arranged?
In shells
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in outer shell
Covalent bond
Share electrons
Polar covalent bond
Share unequally
Ionic bond
Transfer electrons
Hydrogen bond
Weak attraction between molecules
What causes water’s special properties?
Polarity + hydrogen bonds
Cohesion
Water sticks to water
Adhesion
Water sticks to surfaces
Why does water resist temperature change?
High heat capacity
Why does ice float?
Less dense than liquid water
Hydrophilic
Polar/charged (likes water)
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar (C + H, avoids water)
Why do ions dissolve in water?
Water is polar and surrounds charges
Acid
Releases H⁺
Base
Accepts H⁺
Low pH means what?
High H⁺ (acidic)
High pH means what?
Low H⁺ (basic)
What is a buffer?
Resists pH change
Why are buffers important?
Keep conditions stable
Hydroxyl (–OH)
Polar
Carboxyl (–COOH)
Acidic
Amino (–NH₂)
Basic
Methyl (–CH₃)
Nonpolar
Phosphate (–PO₄)
Energy (ATP)