Exploring the Language of Medicine Final Exam Review

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

nephroscopy

visual examination of the kidney

urethroplasty

surgical repair of the urethra

nephron

location where reabsorption, filtration, and secretion occur in the kidney

E.coli

common bacteria found in the body that is very common cause of urinary tract infections

catheter

A tube used to drain or inject fluid through a body opening

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration.

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones

Fimbriae

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria from a sexually transmitted disease

vas deferens

narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra

Testosterone

hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics

Circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin around the glans penis

What makes up the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

syncope

fainting

Dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages (nervous impulse) and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Synapse

Gap between neurons

hypoxemia

decreased level of oxygen in the blood

Cilia

The hair-like projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

Eosinophils

white blood cells with reddish granules; number increase in allergic reactions

Antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Thrombocytes

another name for platelets

Hemophilia

An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

Heparin

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell; Phagocytic tissue-fighting cell.

tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

lymph

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

Macrophages

Monocytes that migrate from the blood to the tissue; as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues

humeral

pertaining to the upper arm bone

scapula

shoulder blade

How many bones are in the adult human body?

206 bones

mastoid process

projection of the temporal bones

cancellous bone

spongy, porous bone tissue

fontanel

soft spot between the skull bones of an infant

tendon

fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone

Largest organ of the body

The skin

skin

a protective membrane over the entire body designed to be impermeable; the skin guards the deeper tissues of the body against excessive loss of water, salts, and heat and against invasion of pathogens and their toxins.

melanin

Skin pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis.

Bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

hematuria

blood in the urine

fraternal twins

Two infants born of the same pregnancy from two separate egg cells fertilized by two different sperm cells

gynecomastia

Abnormal development of breast tissue in males

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

Epididymis

One of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes above each testis. It stores and carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens.

perineum

external region between the anus and scrotum in the male

Flagellum

hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile

Alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

cilia

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract

Epiglottis

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

hilum

middle region where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

Larynx

voice box

Mediastinum

region between the lungs in the chest cavity

palatine tonsils

collections of lymph tissue in the oropharynx

Antigens

Foreign material that invades the body

Platelets

thrombocytes

hydrochloric acid

To digest protein and kill any bacteria remaining in the food

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

angina

chest pain

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

Bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

Tachycardia

rapid heartbeat

pruritis

itching

alopecia

absence of hair from areas where it normally grows

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

eccrine sweat glands

most common, most numerous of sweat producing glands in the skin (2 million in body)

Renin

hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

myelin sheath

white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain - olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

thyroid gland

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Secretes parathyroid hormone to mobilize calcium from bones into the bloodstream

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Ovaries

two small glands located in the abdominal region of females; produces ovum, estrogen, and progesterone

Testes

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

hemolysis

Breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed

Fibrin

Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII or IX

esosinophil

white blood cell with reddish granules; numbers increase in allergic reactions

Edema

swelling; fluid leaks out into tissue spaces

Spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Viral infection causing blisters on the lips or genitals

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

the virus that causes AIDS

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen