universal precaution

Infectious diseases

All healthcare workers should be more vigilant in the practice of infection control in order to protect themselves & others from acquiring

Nosocomial Infections

Infections acquired in the course of medical care

Nosocomial Infections

Infections contracted in an acute care hospital, patients in extended care facilities, outpatient clinics, & behavioral health institutions

Nosocomial Infections

Infections contracted in an acute care hospital, patients in extended care facilities, outpatient clinics, & behavioral health institutions

HAIs

O.T. Healthcare associated infections/ hopital acquired infections

Iatrogenic Infection

A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure

Iatrogenic Infections

The events may lead to physical, mental, or emotional problems or, in some cases, even death

Exo

Outside

-genous

Born from

Exogenous Infection

Infections or disease originates outside the body

Exogenous Infection

When a commensal organism enter places it should not be

Exogenous Infection

When a pathogen comes from other source.

Exogenous Infection examples

• Pathogenic organisms

• Radiation

• Chemicals

• Trauma

• Electric shock

• Extreme temperature

Endo

Within

Endogenous Infections

Infection or disease originates within the body

Endogenous Infections

Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain or muscle.

Endogenous Infection example

When a residential bacterium E. coli of the GI tract enters the urinary tract. This causes a urinary tract infection.

FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

• Environment

• Therapeutics Regimen

• Contamination of medical procedure

• Equipment

Environment

Air contaminated with infectious agents; other patients who have infectious diseases; visitors contaminated food; contaminated instruments, hospital personnel

Therapeutic Regimen

Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs used to treat malignant or chronic diseases, which decrease the patient's resistance to infection: antimicrobial therapy, which may alter the normal flora of the body and encourage growth of resistant strains of microbes sometimes called hospital bacteria

Equipment

Instruments such as catheters, intravenous tubing, cannulas, respiratory therapy equipment, and gastrointestinal tubes that have not been adequately cleaned and sterilized

Contamination during medical procedures

Microbes transmitted during dressing changes. catheter insertion or any invasive procedure may introduce infective organisms if correct technique is not used

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE PATIENT’S POTENTIAL FOR NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

• age

• Inadequate defences

• Health history

• Heredity

• Nutritional status

• Stress

• Inadequate rest & exercise

• Personal habits

Age

The very young have Immature immune systems and are more susceptible to nosocomial infections

Heredity

Congenital and genetic factors passed on from birth make individuals more or less resistant to disease

Nutritional Status

Inadequate nutritional intake, obesity, or malnourishment as a result of illness render one increasingly susceptible to nosocomial infections

Stress

Work-related or other stress factors increase potential for infection as levels of cortisone in the body increase related to constant tension

Inadequate rest & exercise

Efficient elimination and circulation decline as a result of inadequate rest or exercise

Personal habits

Smoking, excessive use of drugs and alcohol, and/or dangerous sexual practices contribute to lowering the body's defenses against nosocomial infections

Health history

Persons with a history of poor health such as diabetes, heart disease, or chronic lung disease, or children who have not been immunized against diseases of childhood are at increased risk for acquiring a nosocomial infection

Inadequate defences

Broken skin; bums or trauma or Immunocompromised persons related to a medical regimen are at increased risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection

Inadequate defences

The bloodstream & the urinary tract are common sites of nosocomial infections.

Inadequate defences

Result of long-term use of vascular access devices (VAD) & retention urinary catheters