His 111 Midterm ch 1-7

Ottoman Empire

controlled important trade routes and territories in Europe,asia, and Africa

sir Walter Raleigh

Sponsored England's early Roanoke colonization attempts

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in North America.

Aztec and Inca empires

Major American civilizations conquered by Spanish forces

John Rolfe

Helped Virginia succeed economically by growing profitable tobacco

Mercantilism

Colonies existed partly to increase the wealth and power of the mother country.

Navigation acts

English laws regulating colonial trade to benefit England.

cash crops

a crop grown to sell for profit such as tobacco

indentured servants

a person who worked for a set period in exchange for passage or other benefits

chattel slavery

a system treating enslaved people as property

plantation system

large farms producing cash crops, often using enslaved labor

task system

workers were assigned a specific amount of work to complete each day

triangular trade

a broad team for interconnect Atlantic trade routes involving Europe,asia and the americas

middle passage

the forced voyage of enslaved africans across the Altantic

Cash-crop economies

Regional economies center on producing crops for sale rather than just local use

Virgina

tobacco, Jamestown, indentured servants, and growth of slavery

maryland

founded under lord Baltimore; a refuge for English catholics

plymouth

founded by the pilgrims in 1620

New England

puritan influence,fishing,shipping and trade

middle colonies

grain production, commerce,great cultural diversity

Chesapeake

tobacco plantains and labor demands

Carolina and Georgia

rice and indigo plantations particularly in the south

new frace

fur trading ,exploration and alliance with natives

French and Indian war (1754-1763)

Part of the larger global Seven Years' War. Britain and France fought over territory and influence in North America.

Stamp act (1765)

Taxed printed materials and sparked colonial protests over taxation without representation.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers killed five colonists during a confrontation in Boston, escalating tensions.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Protesters destroyed tea to oppose British tea policy and taxation.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense (1776)

Encouraged independence and challenged the legitimacy of monarchy.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Announced the colonies' separation from Great Britain and explained their claims to natural rights.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

A major American victory that helped persuade France to formally ally with the United States

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

British surrender after American and French forces surrounded Cornwallis, with French naval support.

John Cabot

Explored the North Atlantic for England in 1497.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who helped conquer the Aztec Empire.

Jacques Marquette

French missionary and explorer who explored the Mississippi River region with Jolliet.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a colony associated with Quaker beliefs.

George Washington

Led the Continental Army; his 1754 Fort Necessity surrender preceded the French and Indian War.

Samuel Adams

Organized colonial resistance to British policies.

Thomas Paine

Common Sense

Thomas Jefferson

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence.

King George III

British monarch during the American Revolution.

Cornwallis

British general who surrendered at Yorktown.

no taxation without representation

Colonists objected to Parliament taxing them when they had no elected representatives in it.

natural rights

Rights people possess by nature, such as life and liberty.

Salutary neglect

Britain's period of relatively relaxed enforcement of many colonial trade regulations.

loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain.

patriots

Colonists who supported resistance and eventually independence.

separatists

Religious dissenters who wanted to separate from the Church of England.

puritans

Protestants who sought to reform the Church of England

alliance

An agreement between groups or countries to cooperate, often militarily

indigenous peoples

The original peoples of a region, including the diverse Native American nations.

Historiography

The study of how history is written and interpreted