Human Body Systems and Development

Flashcards covering human embryology, genetics, hematology, cardiology, immunology, respiration, and renal physiology based on the lecture transcript.

Blastocyst

A hollow ball of cells that takes about ten days to implant into the uterine wall after fertilization.

Zygote

The initial single cell formed from the union of sperm and egg that begins dividing rapidly.

Gastrulation

The developmental phase where the three primary germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—are formed.

Ectoderm

The outer primary germ layer that develops into structures such as the skin and nerves.

Mesoderm

The middle primary germ layer that forms muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

Endoderm

The inner primary germ layer that forms the inner linings of the digestive tract.

Karyotype

A snapshot of all chromosomes used to identify large-scale structural issues like trisomy or monosomy.

Trisomy at chromosome 21

The genetic condition characterized by a whole extra chromosome at the 21st position, commonly known as Down syndrome.

Apgar score

A quick assessment of a newborn at one and five minutes post-delivery evaluating heart rate, respiration, skin color, response to stimuli, and muscle tone.

Preeclampsia

A condition occurring after the 24th week of gestation identified by the triad of hypertension, proteinuria, and significant edema.

Leukocytes

White blood cells considered 'complete cells' because they retain their nucleus and organelles.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that lose their nucleus to maximize room for oxygen transport.

Pernicious anemia

A condition caused by the inability to absorb enough vitamin $B_{12}$, typically requiring injections for treatment.

Type O negative blood

The universal donor blood type that has no antigens on the cell surface but contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Multiple myeloma

A cancer of the plasma cells (matured B lymphocytes) that causes anemia, renal dysfunction, and bone destruction.

Apex

The pointy bit at the bottom left of the heart that rests on the diaphragm.

S1 (Lub) and S2 (Dub)

The sounds of heart valves closing; S1 is the closure of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral), and S2 is the closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic).

Sinoatrial (SA) node

The heart's natural pacemaker that initiates the electrical signal for contraction.

Bradycardia and Tachycardia

Heart rate conditions where Bradycardia is a rhythm below $60\, ext{BPM}$ and Tachycardia is a rhythm above $100\, ext{BPM}$.

Atherosclerosis

The buildup of plaque in arterial walls which leads to hardening and narrowing of the vessels.

Spleen

The largest lymphatic organ which serves as a massive filter for the blood.

ATP

The body's energy currency produced through cellular respiration using oxygen.

Eupneia, Apnea, and Dyspnea

Respiratory terms: Eupneia is normal breathing, Apnea is the cessation of breathing, and Dyspnea is difficulty breathing.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Atreoneatriuretic hormone (ANH)

A hormone that increases urine volume by directing the kidneys to dump sodium and water.

Hard palate

The roof of the mouth formed by the combination of the maxillary bone and the palatine bone.