E1 - Bioenergetics

bioenergetics

how energy is produced through different processes

What nutrients can be broken down for energy?

proteins, carbohydrates, fats

Carbohydrates

organic molecule that contains C, H and O

Monosaccarides

the simplest form of a carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, galactose)

glucose

aldohexose: 6C aldehyde group, isomer of galactose

galactose

aldohexose: 6C aldehyde group, isomer of glucose

fructose

ketohexose: 6C ketone group

Isomere

2 molecules w/ same chemical makeup but different compositions

disaccaride

2 monosaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

maltose

glucose + glucose (aldohexose + aldohexose)

lactose

glucose + galactose (aldohexose + aldohexose)

sucrose

glucose + fructose (aldohexose + ketohexose)

Glycosidic Bond

make disaccharides (dehydration reaction)

Dehydration Reaction

liberting water to form a bond

Hydrolysis Reaction

breaking a bond by adding water

What reaction will break a disaccharide in to a monosaccharide?

hydrolysis reaction

Polysaccharide

chains of multiple monosaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen, GAGS

Starch

primarily found in plants, can exist linearly or branched

\- the more branched, the more difficult to break down

Cellulose

found in cell walls of plants; linear molecules

Glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals; branched

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

chain of monosaccharides + an amine group + glucuronic acid

Heparin

type of GAG, medication that thins blood

Hyaluronic Acid

type of GAG, in synovial fluid in joints

Arthritis

lack of hyaluronic acid, therefor lack of synovial fluid in joints

Anabolism

relates to the making of structures

Catabolism

breaking down of compounds and molecules

\- losis

breakdown

\- neo

new

\- genesis

making of

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose

glycogenesis

making of glycogen

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

gluconeogenesis

making of new molecules from protein or fat

\- emia

in blood

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar levels, >110dL

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar levels,

What is triggers glycolysis and glycogenesis?

hyperglycemia (too much sugar, either break it down or store it)

What triggers glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

hypoglycemia (need sugar, break down storage form or make new sugar from fat and protein)