PE Paper 1 : Applied anatomy and physiology

During exercise CO₂ in the blood will increase.

Describe how an increase in blood CO₂ impacts the redistribution of blood.

(3)

•   (Increased CO₂ levels/acidity/decrease in pH) detected by chemoreceptors. (1)

•   Messages sent to the medulla (oblongata) / vasomotor centre. (1)

•   Increased sympathetic impulses / decreased parasympathetic impulses. (1)

•   Vasodilation / increased blood flow to the working muscles/skin/heart. (1)

•   Precapillary sphincters relax to allow more blood through. (1)

•   Vasoconstriction / decreased blood flow to the non-essential organs/non-working muscles. (1)

•   Precapillary sphincters contract causing to allow less blood through. (1)

Analyse how regular participation in exercise can decrease the likelihood of a stroke.

(3)

•   The elasticity / condition of the arteries is maintained whichensures blood flow to the brain remains constant. (1)

•   Reduced cholesterol (LDL) / atheroma / fatty deposits / plaque which prevents blockages in blood vessels (leading to the brain) / ischemic stroke. (1)

•   A decrease in blood pressure which prevents damage to blood vessels (leading to the brain) / haemorrhagic stroke. (1)

Describe the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the regulation of heart rate.

(3)

•   Medulla/cardiac control centre sends impulse to the Sino-atrial node (SAN)/pacemaker. (1)

•   Sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. (1)

•   Sympathetic impulses travel down the sympathetic/accelerator nerve. (1)

•   Parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate. (1)

•   Parasympathetic nervous systems travel down the vagus nerve. (1)

If endurance events take place in warm conditions, cardiovascular drift can occur.

Analyse how cardiovascular drift may result in lower levels of performance.

(3)

•   Athletes will sweat reducing the plasma volume of blood. (1)

•   Blood becomes more viscous/thicker which reduces venous return. (1)

•   Due to Starling’s law stroke volume/ejection fraction will decrease. (1)

•   As stroke volume/ejection fraction decreases heart rate increases to maintain/increase cardiac output. (1)

•   Having a higher heart rate at a lower than normal intensity increases the athlete’s rate of perceived effort/the performer mentally thinks they are working harder than they are. (1)

Explain the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac conduction system.

(3)

•   Receives impulse from sinoatrial node/SAN (1)

•   Delays (transmission of) impulse (1)

•   To allow ventricular filling/enable the atria to fully contract (1)

•   Sends impulse down septum/through bundle of His/to purkinje fibres (1)

Define A-VO2 diff (1)

•   Difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood (1)

•   Difference in oxygen content of arterial and venous blood leaving and returning to the heart (1)

Describe how cardiovascular drift can occur after 10 minutes of steady state exercise in a warm environment.

(3)

•   An individual will sweat/lose some fluid/water (1)

•   Some blood can be redirected to the skin for heat loss (1)

•   Increase viscosity of blood/decrease in blood plasma volume (1)

•   Can lead to a reduction in venous return (1)

•   Leads to reduced stroke volume (1)

•   Starling’s Law referenced in correct context (1)

•   Heart rate will increase to maintain cardiac output (1)

State one long-term effect of smoking regularly on the structures of a runner’s respiratory system.

(1)

•   Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in the lungs rather than oxygen (1)

•   Constricts the bronchioles (1)

•   Damaged cilia (1)

•   Reduction in number/damaged alveoli (1)

Explain how smoking regularly would impact the performance of the runners in the marathon.

(2)

•   Reduced gaseous exchange in the lungs/oxygen transport to the muscles (1)

•   This decreases the athlete’s ability to utilise oxygen in energy production/work aerobically (1)

•   This means they have less energy for their activity/slower time/fatigue quicker (due to working anaerobically) (1)

Outline two ways an active lifestyle can reduce the risk of heart disease.

(2)

•   Decrease in cholesterol/LDL/fat in coronary arteries (1)

•   Lower blood pressure (1)

•   Stronger heart/cardiac hypertrophy/higher stroke volume (1)

Describe how heart disease can result in a heart attack.

(2)

•   Hardening of coronary arteries/build-up of plaque/cholesterol/fat in the coronary arteries/atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis (1)

•   Causes blockage/blood clot (1)

•   Limiting the supply of oxygen to the heart/angina (1)

Which one of these is a fitness benefit of regular participation in low intensity continuous training, such as jogging?

(1)

B

Which receptor is responsible for detecting a change in blood pressure?

(1)

Baroreceptor

Which of the following statements accurately describes Starling’s law of heart?

(1)

C

Identify two factors that cause the Bhor Shift?

(1)

• Increase in carbon dioxide

• Increase in temperature

State the correct order of the cardiac conduction system?

(1)

SA Node > AV Node > Bundle of His > Purkinje Fibres

Describe how the body redistributes blood to the skeletal muscles during exercise

(4)

• Chemoreceptors detect change in blood pH/acidity due to exercise

• Medulla oblongata controls the blood flow

• Increased sympathetic nervous impulses at pre-capillary sphincters to cause vasoconstriction at non-essential organs

• Decreased sympathetic nervous impulses at pre-capillary sphincters to cause vasodilation at working muscles

State one positive effect that high density lipoproteins have on the body

(1)

• Remove excess cholesterol

• Reduce the risk of heart disease

• Protect artery walls against LDL

Describe the Bhor Shift

(2)

• Occurs as a result of increased Co2 in the blood

• Bhor shift is when an oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right

• Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen at working muscles

• Gives up more oxygen more readily/easily

Describe three mechanisms that support venous return

(3)

• Skeletal muscle pump : increased contraction of muscles press nearby veins to squeeze blood back to the heart

• Respiratory Pump : increased breathing rate will alter / change pressure in thoracic cavities to assist blood back to the heart

• Suction Pump of heart : more blood pumped out of the heart, so more blood then drawn/forced back in

• Pocket valves : prevents backflow by closing and help shunt blood back to the blood

Describe how the cardiac conduction system causes the heart to contract

(3)

• SA-node sends an impulse/electrical signal through the walls of the atria

• Spreads as a wave of excitation

• This causes atrial systole / atria contraction

• Impulse then passes down the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres in the walls of the ventricles

• This causes ventricular systole / ventricular contraction

Explain how and why the components of cardiac output differ for a trained performer

(3)

• Trained athlete would have a lower resting heart rate of below 60bpm / bradycardia

• The trained athlete has a higher resting stroke volume

• Regular training of trained performer leads to cardiac hypertrophy

• This means a trained performer will have stronger heart / more forceful contraction

Describe how the skeletal muscles during pump and valves work together to return blood to the heart

(3)

• Skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins

• This squeezes / forces blood back to the heart Suction Pump

• Valves prevent the back flow of blood

• When blood has been squeezed through, valves close

Where is myoglobin found in the body AND what its role during exercise (2)

• Found within the muscles

• Stores / supplies / carries oxygen

Explain the causes of this change to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and the effect that this change has on oxygen delivery to the muscles (4)

• Increase in blood temperature

• Increase in blood CO2

• Increase in blood acidity

• Bhor Shift occurs

• Resulting in less saturation / reduced affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen

• Increase in oxygen release / oxyhaemoglobin dissociation to muscles / muscles to receive more O2

Use the image to explain the term cardiovascular drift (3)

• Cardio-vascular drift starts after 10 minutes

• Heart rate increases leading to more beats and decreased stroke volume / ejection fraction

• Fluid lost as sweat

• Reduced plasma

• Reduced venous return

• Due to Starling’s Law, cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool the body/sweat

Calculate the cardiac output for the untrained performer at point D in the table above (2)

• 120 × 100

• = 12,000ml/min OR 12L/min

Explain how the role of adrenaline on heart rate prior to and during a 400m race (3)

• Anticipatory rise happens prior to the race

• Maintains increased heart rate during race

• Adrenaline to the SA-node

• Increased activity/firing at the SA node

Explain the importance of haemoglobin for a long distance runner (3)

• Important for oxygen transport in the blood / carry oxygen to the working muscles

• Allows endurance athletes to work aerobically

• Increased red blood cells increases aerobic capacity / stamina

• Delays fatigue / OBLA / prevents build-up of lactic acid

State the term used to describe the increase in heart rate labelled A and name the hormone that causes this increase in heart rate (2)

• Adrenaline

• Anticipatory Rise

Identify one possible effect of high cholesterol levels on health (1)

Increases risk of cardiovascular disease / heart attack / stroke

Define the terms health AND fitness (2)

• Health : The complete social, mental and physical well-being and not just the absents of disease or infirmary

• Fitness : The ability to meet the demands of the environment without fatigue

Other than diet, explain how two different lifestyle choices can have negative impact on health (2)

• Smoking : reduces oxygen transport / causes lung cancer

• Lack of exercise : obesity / heart disease / mobility issues

• Alcohol drugs : damages liver / heart disease / cancer

• Lack of sleep : fatigue / stress

Suggest how improved fitness, brought about by regular training, may benefit the health of an individual (2)

• Reduces weight

• Strengthens heart/reduces chance of heart attack

• Improved social / mental well-being

Which lung volume will be lower during exercise than at rest (1)

• Inspiratory reserve volume

• Expiratory reserve volume

State the definition of expiratory reserve volume (1)

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Describe how an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood during exercise would lead to an increased breathing rate (3)

• Chemoreceptors detect increase in Co2 levels/acidity levels within the body

• This sends signals to the respiratory centre within medulla oblongata to control breathing rate

• Medulla oblongata then sends signals down the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles

• This causes the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to contract quicker, leading to an increased breathing rate and depth

• Stretch receptors detect increase in stretch from external intercostal muscles and sends signals to expiratory centre

• Medulla oblongata then sends signals down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles

• This causes the internal intercostal muscles and abdominals to contract quicker, leading to an increased rate of expiration

Define the term ‘Tidal Volume’ (1)

Volume of air breathed in OR out with each respiratory cycle

Consider how oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and the blood capillary.

Refer to the diagram in your answer (4)

• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

• Alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen at p02 = 144mmHg

• Capillary has a lower partial pressure of oxygen at pO2 = 40mmHg

• Causes oxygen to diffuse across gradient into one-cell thick capillary

• Oxygen binds to haemoglobin within red blood cell

• Capillary has higher partial pressure of CO2 at pCO2 = 46mmHg

• Alveolus has a lower partial pressure of OC2 at pCO2 = 40mmHg

• Causes CO2 to diffuse across gradient into alveolus

What would the effect on the spirometer trace for lung volume A of a period of continuous running (2)

• Higher and lower peaks

• Separation of breathes get closer

Explain why minute ventilation needs to increase as the intensity of exercise gets harder.

(3)

•   To allow the athlete to breath in more O₂. (1)

•   To allow the athlete to remove more CO₂. (1)

•   To increase gas exchange at the alveoli / fully saturate haemoglobin. (1)

•   Delivers more oxygen to the working muscles / meets increased demand for oxygen. (1)

•   To allow the performer to continue to respire aerobically / prevent anaerobic respiration. (1)

•   Delay fatigue / delay OBLA / limit lactate accumulation. (1)

Describe how an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood during exercise would lead to an increased breathing rate.

(3)

•   Increased blood acidity/decreased blood pH. (1)

•   Detected by chemoreceptors. (1)

•   Impulse sent to the respiratory centre/medulla. (1)

•   Increased impulses to respiratory muscles to contract faster. (1)

The graph below shows a spirometer trace.

Explain how and why a period of continuous exercise would impact the lung volumes in the graph above.

Tidal volume 

Expiratory reserve volume  

Residual volume

(3)

•   (Tidal volume) would increase as performer needs more oxygen to working muscles (1)

•   (Expiratory reserve volume) decreases due to the increase in tidal volume (1)

•   (Residual volume) will stay the same as if it decreased the lungs would be at risk of collapse/not affected by continuous exercise (1)

D

Which type of summation is shown in the graph below (1)

C

Which of these are characteristics of a type 1 muscles fibre (1)

A

State two structural characteristics of fast glycolytic muscle fibres (2)

• Large motor unit size

• Mitochondrial density if low

• Myoglobin content is low

• Capillary density is low

• High amount of aerobic enzymes

Explain how two functional characteristics of fast glycolytic muscle fibres will support an athlete during a 100m race (2)

• High speed of contraction will allow the athlete to generate a fast start

• High levels of force generated will allow the athlete to push out against the blocks at the start of the race with more force

• High anaerobic capacity will allow the athlete to maintain force production throughout the race to achieve maximal speed / maintain momentum throughout 100m race

Explain the role of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (4)

Muscle Spindles

• Detect an increase in muscle length

• Send a message to nervous system

• During PNF the muscle spindles will initiate a stretch reflex

• Prevents overstretching

Golgi-tendon Organs

• Detect increased tension in a muscle

• Send inhibitory signals to cause autogenic inhibition which overrides stretch reflex

• Causes muscle to relax

Suggest how PNF could improve the performance of the hurdler (2)

• The hurdlers improved range of movement / flexibility would allow them to clear the hurdles with more ease

• The hurdlers improved range of movement / flexibility would allow them to improve stride length to generate more power / velocity

• The hurdlers improved range of movement / flexibility would support the hurdler to generate a more fluid stride pattern

• PNF may help to minimise the risk of injury, allowing them to continue training and performing

State three characteristics of the fast glycolytic muscle fibre type (3)

• Large motor neurone size

• High PC stores

• High glycogen stores

• Low mitochondrial density

• Low myoglobin content

• Low capillary density

• High myosin ATPase / glycolytic enzyme activity

• Low aerobic capacity / High anaerobic capacity

• High force production

Explain how the characteristics of fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibres are suited to producing ATP anaerobically during powerful contractions (2)

• High PC stores : increased energy source for ATP production via the ATP-PC system

• High glycogen stores - increased energy source for ATP production via the lactate anaerobic system

• High myosin ATPase activity - increased enzyme activity for ATP production within the ATP-PC system

Explain how wave summation allows a gymnast to gain the required height (3)

• Wave summation allows the gymnast to produce a more powerful contraction

• Muscle is stimulated again before it is relaxed

• Gymnast will be able to apply greater force to adjust the height achieved to match the requirements of the technique performed

How can a performer vary the strength of muscular contractions to ensure that the skill is completed correctly (4)

• Sends information to the brain

• Compares information to long term memory to ensure correct force applied / past experiences

• More units recruited for larger force

• Spatial summation - rotating frequency of the impulse to motor units to delay

• Titanic for powerful contraction

Outline how the following characteristics of capillaries allow for efficient gaseous exchange

• one cell thick

• large surface area

• narrow diameter

(3)

• (One cell thick) : Allows for quicker pathway of diffusion

• (Large surface area) : More opportunity for gaseous exchange to occur as more area covered

• (Narrow diameter) : Single file line to slow down passage of blood and increase saturation of haemoglobin

D

A

B

B

• (Articulating bones at the elbow) : Humerus, radius, ulna

• (Main agonist) : Triceps

• (Plane) : Sagittal

• (Axis) : Transverse

• (Articulating bones) : Pelvis and femur

• (Type of joint) : Ball and socket

• (Plane) : Frontal

• (Axis) : Sagittal

Identify the main agonist causing extension at the knee joint between position A and position B

(1)

D

Which one of these muscles causes horizontal abduction at the hip (1)

B

C

• Sagittal plane

• Transverse axis

• (Agonist) : Pectorals

• (Plane) : Transverse

• (Axis) : Longitudinal Axis

Right ankle

• (Joint action) : Plantar-flexion

• (Main agonist) : Gastrocnemius

• (Antagonist) : Tibialis Anterior

Right knee

• (Joint action) : Extension

• (Main agonist) : Quadriceps

• (Antagonist) : Hamstrings

Identify the type of joint. the joint action and the main agonist at the leading ankle, as an athlete clears a hurdle (3)

• (Type of joint action) : Hinge

• (Joint action) : Plantar-felxion

• (Main agonist) : Gastrocnemius

State the plane and the axis around which hip flexion takes place (2)

• (Plane) : Saggital

• (Axis) : Transverse

• (Articulating bones) : Femur + Tibia

• (Joint action) : Extension

• (Main agonist) : Quadriceps

• (Joint action) : Horizontal flexion / adduction

• (Main agonist) : Pectorals major

• (Joint action) : Extension

• (Main agonist) : Triceps

a) State the names of the bones forming the shoulder joint

b) State the name of the type of joint found at the shoulder

c) Identify the name of the joint action and main agonist at the shoulder

(4)

• (a) : Scapula and humerous

• (b) : Ball and socket

• (c) : Flexion + Rear Deltoid

a) Identify the correct term for each of the movements A and B shown

b) State the plane and axis involved in these movements

(4)

• (a) : a = Adbuction + b = Adduction

• (b) : Plane = Frontal + Axis = Saggital

State the joint action involved at the hip AND ankle of the take-off leg as the performer leaves the board

• Extension

• Plantar Flexion

Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the ankle of the take-off foot (3)

Second Class

Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the elbow when extension occurs (3)

First class lever

Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the hip when flexion occurs (3)

Third Class Lever

A

The photograph below shows an athlete performing the long jump.

 

In the photograph, a third-class lever is operating at the hip to allow flexion.

Explain the mechanical advantage of the third-class lever operating at the hip for the athlete.

(2)

AO1

(mechanical advantage) Large range of movement / resistance or load can be moved quickly (1).

AO3

By moving the legs forwards in front of them / flexing at the hip / lifting their legs higher to allow them to jump further / so legs are thrown forwards quickly to gain forwards movement and jump further (1).

The ankle operates as a lever as an athlete pushes off the ground to clear a hurdle.

Identify the class of lever operating at the ankle and explain the mechanical advantage of the class of lever for the athlete.

(3)

Second class lever system (1)

Longer effort / force arm (1)

Therefore, the hurdler provides minimal effort to generate height to clear the hurdle (1)

Third class lever system

Second class lever

The figure below shows the drive phase of the leg action while running.

 

Position A         Position B

State one mechanical advantage and one mechanical disadvantage of the lever system that is being used at the right ankle as the runner in the figure above moves from Position A to Position B.

(2)

Advantages

Larger forces generated / longer force / effort arm

Easy to move heavy / large weight

Disadvantages

Limited range of movement

Limited / reduced speed of movement

The image below shows the movements involved as a player throws the ball on to the field of play during a game of rugby.

 

Sketch and label the lever system operating at the elbow during the movement from Position A to Position B.

First Class Lever

The figure below shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand.

 

Name, sketch and label the lever system that is operating at the elbow during the movement from A to B.

First class / order / lever / system;
Correctly labelled – fulcrum / pivot; effort / force; load / resistance / weight;
Correct order – Fulcrum / pivot in middle.

D

C

A

B

amateur boxing match consists of three rounds. Each round lasts 3 minutes.

There is a 1-minute break between each round.

Analyse the role of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during the match and its impact on the performance of the boxer as the rounds progress.

(3)

•   EPOC will occur during breaks to repay oxygen debt/as they have worked anaerobically. (1)

•   (Fast/alactic component) Some ATP/PC will be resynthesised allowing the boxer to perform explosively/anaerobically/at high intensity in subsequent rounds. (1)

•   PC stores will not be fully resynthesised resulting in the increased use of the anaerobic glycolytic system/production of lactic acid/fatigue. (1)

•   Some re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen will delay the build-up of lactic acid/fatigue. (1)

•   (Slow/lactic component) Not enough time/oxygen to remove lactic acid so it will build up causing fatigue/decreased performance. (1)

Training can increase an athlete’s maximum A-VO₂ diff.

Analyse how the body systems adapt to allow this.

(3)

•   Increased oxygen content in arterial blood due to more red blood cells/haemoglobin/oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (1)

•   Increased gas exchange at the muscle due to increased capillarisation/increases blood supply/surface area (1)

•   Increased gas exchange at the muscle due to more myoglobin which has a greater affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin so pulls more oxygen into muscle/can store more oxygen in muscle (1)

•   Increased gas exchange at the muscle due to larger/more numerous/more efficient mitochondria allowing for more oxygen to be used in a muscle cell so less returned to venous blood (1)

Runners in the London Marathon will mainly use the aerobic energy system during their race.

Name and describe the three key processes involved in the aerobic energy system when using glucose as an energy source.

•   Glycolysis – glucose broken down into pyruvate/pyruvic acid (1)

•   Krebs/citric acid cycle – oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme-A/citric acid (1)

•   Electron transport chain – transfer of electrons down a carrier chain/hydrogen is oxidised (1)

Describe the process of ATP resynthesis in the mitochondria (4)

• Breakdown of pyruvic acid

• Converted to acetyl CoA

• Krebs cycle

• Oxidation of citric acid

• Production of CO2

• Produces 2 molecules of ATP

• Electron Transport Chain

• Water is formed through hydrogen combining with oxygen

• Produces 34 molecules of ATP

Explain the term VO2 max and its relationship to aerobic performance (2)

• Vo2 max : Maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilised by the working muscles per unit of time

• Higher Vo2 max means the greater the endurance capacity of the performer / performer can work at higher intensity for longer / delayed OBLA

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

Advantages

• Energy released quickly

• ATP/PC resynthesised quickly

• No waste products

Disadvantages

• Limited PC stores

• High intesnity exercise can only be completed for brief period of time / 8-10 seconds

• Full recovery takes up to 2-3 minutes

What is the effect on ATP and PC stores of short periods of high intensity exercise followed by recovery periods lasting up to 30 seconds? Justify your answer (3)

• ATP/PC levels decrease

• Insufficient stores don’t fully recover / not enough ATP or PC resynthesised in 30 seconds

• (during exercise) ATP/PC supplying energy

• (during exercise) PC breakdown for ATP resynthesis

• (during recovery) ATP/PC resynthesied during rest

Explain how an increase in VO2 max aids the performance of a player during extended and periods of high intensity exercise (3)

• VO2 Max : the maximum volume of oxygen utilised per unit of time

• More oxygen available means lactic acid broken down quickly / prevents build up of lactic acid

• OBLA delayed at higher percentage of VO2 Max

• Increased oxygen carrying capacity / more red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscle

A : Oxygen Deficit

• Occurs when not enough oxygen present at the start of exercise to supply enough ATP aerobically

B : EPOC

• Volume of oxygen consumed during recovery

• Fast EPOC : Resynthesis of myoglobin with oxygen

• Slow EPOC : Removal of lactic acid

Explain how energy is provided, allowing the athlete to complete the shot put (3)

• Stored ATP broken down by ATPase

• Releases energy for movement to complete shot put

• PC breakdown to creatine and phosphate

• Energy used to resynthesis ATP