Exam 3 Social Psych

Aggression

Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

Instrumental aggression (proactive)

Harm inflicted as a means to some goal other than causing pain

- Personal gain

- Attention

- Self-defense

Example: terrorism

Hostile aggression (reactive/emotional)

Harm inflicted for its own sake, to cause pain; Often impulsive (e.g., "crimes of

passion") But can be calm, calculating (e.g.,

revenge)

Example: Bar fights

Freud

Death instinct vs. life instinct; Aggression -> death instinct is turned outward

at others

Lorenz (animal behavior expert)

Aggression as adaptive: Agreed that aggressive energy is

instinctive (innate, unlearned, and

universal)

Frustration-aggression theory (Dollard et al., 1939)

Frustration is the blocking of goal-directed

behavior; Closeness of goal as a factor of frustration-aggression link (Harris, 1974)

Displaced aggression

Aggression not directed at source of the frustration, but at a different, lower status target

Social learning theory (Bandura, 1997)

Aggression can be learned by observing others

Situational Influences on Aggression

Heat, more violent crimes, heat increases, pain, attacks, crowding

The need to belong

_______ is a basic human motive.

Proximity (nearness), availability, mere exposure (repeated exposure = liking)

_____, _______, & ______ leads to friendship and attraction.

Mere exposure

The more often people are exposed to an object, the more positively they evaluate that object

Physical attractiveness

___________ is a powerful predictor of being liked.

Matching phenomenon

Tendency for men and women to choose partners who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits

Reciprocity

We like people who like us

Triangular Theory of Love

States that there are 3 major components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment, which can be combined in different ways

Passion

Intense longing to be with the other person

Intimacy

Desiring to promote the welfare of the

loved one; Having a mutual understanding

Commitment

Keeps relationships together when

intimacy and passion aren't present/fade

Example: Marriage

Passionate Love

Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection

Companionate Love

A secure, trusting, stable partnership

- A heightened state of physiological arousal

- The belief that this arousal was triggered by

the beloved person

What does romantic love require?

Altruistic

Motivated by the desire to increase another's welfare

Egoistic

Motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare

Social-exchange theory

Aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs in human interactions

External rewards

- E.g., appreciation, friendship

Internal rewards

- E.g., feeling good

Reciprocity norm

People will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Social-responsibility norm

Belief that people should help those who need help

Mastered (9)

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