psy unit 1 testttt

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Animal trainer Pete uses rewards to teach his animals to perform tricks. Pete's techniques are based on principles from which school of psychology?

behaviorism

Darya just started her first semester of college and is having difficulty adjusting. What type of psychologist should she see?

counseling

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual’s basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word “emotional” should be changed to the word “cognitive.”

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

An observational research study focusing on one or a few people, such as that of Phineas Gage, is known as _____.

a case study

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

An experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments is called a _____.

double-blind study

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

What does a correlation coefficient tell us?

The strength of relationship between variables

Using the experimental method, a researcher investigates whether watching television while eating causes a person to eat more potato chips than one eats when not watching television. In this case, the number of potato chips eaten represents the _____ variable.

dependent

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

What is the only type of research method that allows for causation to be determined?

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children’s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Egor has a headache. His friend, Ivan, gives him a wristband and tells him that it contains technology that can relieve headaches. Egor puts the wristband on and reports that he feels much better. A few hours later Ivan explains that the wristband does not actually relieve headaches. Egor was experiencing _____.

the placebo effect

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Dr. Wilmington is a social psychologist who studies the topic of love. He goes to a variety of places where couples are found (e.g., a restaurant and a mall) and watches how they interact with each other. Which research method is Dr. Wilmington using for his study?

naturalistic observation

Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron’s cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents’ hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

_____ are the chemical messengers of the nervous system that transmit messages from one nerve cell to another.

Neurotransmitters

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

The term lateralization refers to _____.

the concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

What is the primary job of a dendrite?

To receive signals from other neurons.

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself following trauma or surgical alteration is referred to as _____.

neuroplasticity

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Which of the following is not a part of sympathetic nervous system activation during the fight-or-flight response?

digestion functions become more active