Definitions

1st Law Thermodynamics

Conservation of energy

3rd Law Thermodynamics

The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance can be taken as zero at absolute zero

Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given amount of substance.

Enthalpy

Total heat content

Sum of all kinds of energy present in a thermodynamic system.

State functions include:

Pressure

Temperature

Volume

Energy

Define state functions

Properties that are determined by the state of the system.

Colloid stabilizing factors

Electrical charge

Hydration

Protective colloids

Radiant energy

Earths primary energy source coming from the Sun

Thermal energy

Energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules

Chemical energy

The energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances

Potential energy

The energy stored in an object due to its position, arrangement or state

Photoelectric Effect

Where electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when light of high frequency shines on it.

Tyndell effect

The scattering of light by colloidal dispersion

Surface Tension

Physical property equal to the amount of force per unit area necessary to expand the surface of the liquid.

Critical Temperature

The temperature above which it is impossible to liquify a gas, no matter how high the applied pressure.

Viscosity

The measure of a fluids thickness or resistance to flow

Boiling point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a given temperature resulting in a saturate solution.

Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom/ion

Electron Affinity

Energy change when a gaseous atom accepts/gains an electron to form a negative ion.

Pauli’s Principle

No two electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers in an atom.

What is dialysis? Give example

Process of removing waste and excess water from the blood.

Biochemical Application: Purification of proteins

Coagulation Methods

Salting out

Denaturation

Ultrafiltration

HOMO

Highest occupied molecular orbital - Ionization energy

LUMO

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital - Electron affinity

What is interference?

Combination of two or more waves

Colligative properties

Properties of solutions that depend upon the concentration of dissolved particles, rather than upon the nature of the particles.

Colligative properties include:

Osmotic pressure

Boiling point elevation

Freezing point depression

Vapor pressure lowering

Concentration cells

Voltaic cells constructed from the same substances but differ in their concentrations.

Unit cell

The smallest unit of a crystal lattice from which we can imagine creating a crystal by repeating it in 3D.

Electronegativity

Chemical property that describes the tendency of atom to attract electron density towards itself.

Polarizability

The tendency of an atom/molecule/ion to form a dipole moment when an electric field is applied across it.

Hybridization theory

Model used to explain the bonding scheme in a molecule.