Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering fundamental organic chemistry principles, nomenclature, isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and purification/analysis techniques.

In 1828, F. Wohler synthesized the organic compound __________ from the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate.

urea

The property of carbon atoms to form bonds with other carbon atoms to create long chains is called __________.

catenation

An $sp^3$ hybridized carbon atom typically results in a __________ molecular geometry.

tetrahedral

In terms of electronegativity, an $sp$ hybridized carbon is __________ electronegative than an $sp^2$ or $sp^3$ hybridized carbon.

more

A __________ bond is formed by the sideways overlap of the unhybridized $p$ orbitals of two adjacent atoms.

pi

In 3D representations of organic molecules, a __________ wedge is used to indicate a bond projecting out of the plane towards the observer.

solid

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are referred to as __________.

hydrocarbons

The IUPAC suffix used for a saturated hydrocarbon series is __________.

-ane

A __________ series is a group of organic compounds where successive members differ by a $-CH_2$ group.

homologous

According to IUPAC priority rules, the functional group __________ takes precedence over the alcohol ($-OH$) group.

-COOH

In benzene nomenclature, the 1,2-disubstituted pattern is commonly known as the __________ position.

ortho

__________ isomerism occurs when two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the position of a substituent or functional group.

Position

__________ involves the unequal sharing of the shared pair of electrons during bond cleavage, resulting in the formation of an ion pair.

Heterolytic cleavage

A species that is electron-rich and seeks an electron-deficient center is called a __________.

nucleophile

The __________ effect is a permanent displacement of electrons along a carbon chain caused by an atom or group with a different electronegativity.

inductive

Structures that differ only in the position of electrons and not in the position of atoms are called __________ structures.

resonance

__________ is a process where the electrons of a $C-H$ bond of an alkyl group are delocalized into an adjacent unshared $p$ orbital or $\text{pi}$ system.

Hyperconjugation

The process of a solid changing directly into a vapor state without passing through the liquid state is called __________.

sublimation

__________ distillation is used to separate liquids that have boiling points very close to each other.

Fractional

In chromatography, the ratio of the distance moved by the substance to the distance moved by the solvent is known as the __________.

retardation factor

__________ is used to detect elements like nitrogen, sulphur, and halogens by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal.

Lassaigne's test

In the detection of carbon, the compound is heated with copper(II) oxide to produce __________, which turns lime water milky.

$$CO_2$$

The __________ method is a quantitative technique used to estimate nitrogen by converting it into ammonia, which is then neutralized by a known volume of acid.

Kjeldahl's

The __________ method is used for the quantitative estimation of halogens by heating the compound with fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate.

Carius