Intro to Lit - Test 2

10 April 2026

American Romanticism is marked by

• 1820: Washington Irving publishes his book of short stories called The Sketchbook

Ini buku mulai the american romanticism

• 1865: The end of the Civil War

The Sketchbook is published by …

Washington Irving, a collection of short stories

American Renaissance is called …

American Romanticism

“Golden Age of American Literature”

American Romanticism

Why the American Romanticism era is called “Golden Age of American Literature”

• - The birth of the short story
  - The growth of the American novel

Key word: renaissance, golden age

American Romanticism Characteristic

Same as English Romanticism (rejection of rules, nature, emotion) but applied also to Fiction

Group of Romantic Writers

• The Knickerbockers

• The Fireside Poets
  - Longfellow

• Dark Romantics (Pessimists)
  - Poe & Hawthorne

• Transcendentalists (Optimists)
  - Emerson, Thoreau, & Whitman

Member of The Fireside Poets

Longfellow

Member of Dark Romantics (Pessimists)

Poe & Hawthorne

Member of Transcendentalists (Optimists)

Emerson, Thoreau, & Whitman

Fireside Poets

• New England group of poets

• Also known as “Schoolroom Poets”

• Known for traditionally structured poems that promoted morality

The Fireside Poets is also known as …

“Schoolroom Poets”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• Fireside Poet

• Known for enjoyable poetry that taught rich morals

Optimistic view of life, istrinya 2 mati satunya in a housefire jdi dia tumbuhin beard tutupin luka bakar

• “Psalm of Life” p. 288

“Psalm of Life” p. 288

• Theme: Life’s purpose: setting an example

• Often quoted and anthologized

• Focusing on acting/ living in the present

• Famous footprints metaphor

Tuhan gendong kita makanya footprintnya cmn satu

Author of “Psalm of Life”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Theme of “Psalm of Life”

Life’s purpose: setting an example

Poet with the famous footprints metaphor

“Psalm of Life” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Dark Romantics (Pessimists) Worldview

• Believed mankind is prone to sin and fundamentally flawed in nature

• Dark view of the natural world (believed that nature teaches truth of wickedness and evil)

• Focused on man’s failed attempts at improvement

Nathaniel Hawthorne era

Dark Romantic

Nathaniel Hawthorne p. 225 (1804-1864)

• One of America’s finest writers

• Known for employing allegory and ambiguity into his stories.

• Author of “Young Goodman Brown” p.225

Author of “Young Goodman Brown”

Nathaniel Hawthorne

“Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne

• Theme: Questioning faith
  Look for a Dark Romantic view of human nature

• Setting: Salem Witch Trials
  Symbolism: forest (hidden sin)
  Allegorical characters: Faith

Represents his wife (namanya faith) but also what he beliefs in ato his faith

• Point of View: Limited omniscient (focuses on one person) third person yg focuses only on him

Theme of “Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Questioning faith

• Look for a Dark Romantic view of human nature

Edgar Allan Poe era

American Romanticism

Edgar Allan Poe is an Innovator in areas of:

• Poetry

• Criticism

• Short story writing
  Best american short story writer: singular focus, one sitting

• Suspense stories

• Detective stories
  Invented the genre

Author of “The Tell-Tale Heart”

Edgar Allan Poe

“The Tell-Tale Heart” p.323

• Themes: The results of a guilty conscience

Not trying to teach a lesson, tpi kita bisa liat lessonnya di storynya

• Point of view: first person unreliable

• Classic example of Poe’s suspenseful style

Theme of “The Tell-Tale Heart”

The results of a guilty conscience

Not trying to teach a lesson, tpi kita bisa liat lessonnya di storynya

Theme of “The Raven”

“Mournful and never-ending Remembrance”

Themenya di quotation mark, krn dikasi sma Poe

Literary devices of “The Raven”

• Symbolism (first few stanzas)

contoh: Dreary and weary
- Internal rhyme
- Anaphora (repetition) intentional repetition

Major abolitionist leader

Frederick Douglass

The Gilded Age

Coined by mark twain

Realistic era background

• Reconstruction after civil war

• Realism = literary response to Romanticism

Realistic Era Characteristics

• Realism definition ""truthful treatment of subject matter.” - William Dean Howells

• Clear and direct language

• Concerned with the immediate and material

Major style Realistic Era

Local Color

Definition Local Color

focusing on unique qualities of life in a particular geographical setting (American regions)

Local Color

Picturesque details, scenery, customs, dialects, and humor

Focus on realistic

Mark Twain’s British name

Samuel Clemens

Humorist, novelist, essay writer, travel writer, critic, famous speaker.

Mark Twain

Author of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)

Mark Twain

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). Why is it a masterpiece?

1. Point of view: first person, unreliable (child’s perspective) biased

2. Local color historical setting and vernacular

3. Plot: adventure + humor + satire (serious social themes: slavery, alcoholism, abuse)

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Point of view

first person, unreliable (child’s perspective) biased

Plot of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)

Adventure + humor + satire (serious social themes: slavery, alcoholism, abuse)

Themes of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)

• Society’s inability to civilize people

• The humanity of all people

Characters in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)

• Huck

• Tom

• Jim

• The Duke & King

Chapter 1 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

• - Huck introduces himself and picks up from Tom Sawyer

Tom Sawyer written in third person
- Widow Douglass tries to civilize Huck

- Huck sneaks out with Tom

Chapter 4 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

- Huck gets used to school
- Gives the judge his money
- Introduction of Pap

Chapter 5 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Theme of society

- Pap upset by Huck’s change and wants the money
- Pap gets custody of huck
- New judge tries to reform Pap

Chapter 7 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

- Huck’s great escape from the cabin
- Huck travels to Jackson Island
Fake his murder

Chapter 23 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Theme of humanity

- The Duke and King scam the townspeople
Bad shakespeare play untuk duit dri orang”
- Jim talks about his family
Jim’s humanity is revealed

New England novelist

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

• New England novelist

• Focused on women whose lives were bounded by poverty and social constraints enforced by religious beliefs

• Wrote “Revolt of Mother”

Author of “Revolt of Mother”

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

“Revolt of Mother” p.172

• Theme: importance of communication in relationships

• Local color: New England farm life, dialect

• Characterization through dialogue

Theyre building  barn

Bapaknya banyak salah

Istrinya minta pindah ke barnnya krn lbih bagus dri rumahnya

Suaminya nangis krn dia kalah

Theme of “Revolt of Mother”

importance of communication in relationships

Local color of “Revolt of Mother”

New England farm life, dialect

Story story writer and novelist in Realist Era

Kate Chopin

Forerunner of American Feminism

Kate Chopin

“ A Pair of Silk Stocking” p. 245

• Theme: Freedom from responsibilities

• Criticism of:
  The intuition of marriage
  Motherhood
  The woman’s place in society

• Note her change in attitude/ focus on self

Shopping untuk keluarganya

Author of “A Pair of Silk Stocking”

Kate Chopin

Theme of “A Pair of Silk Stocking” p. 245

Freedom from responsibilities

“A Pair of Silk Stocking” criticizes

• The intuition of marriage

• Motherhood

• The woman’s place in society

Naturalists: Group / Worldview

A group of writers who showed an extreme form of Realism but with Determinism as its base

A group of writers who showed an extreme form of Realism but with Determinism as its base

Naturalists

Naturalist worldview was a major influence for

Darwinism: Man is pitiful creature who is driven by instincts and is trapped by circumstances

Pessimistic point of view

Naturalist worldview

Naturalist Writer

Ambrose Bierce

Ambrose Bierce

• Civil War veteran

• Naturalist writer known for his Civil War stories that involve dark and shocking imagery

Gausa tau tpi dia tulis the devil’s dictionary

Author of “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Ambrose Bierce

“ An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" p. 162

• Themes: Perceptions vs. reality

• Also, the realities of the civil war

• Look for foreshadowing and imagery

Hint of the future

• Determinism / pessimism

Bullets hit the water

Themes of “ An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Perceptions vs. reality