Week 15 communicable diseases

Communicable diseases

— Are illnesses caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products transmitted directly or indirectly through a person, animal, intermediary host, or inanimate object

— Can be contagious, infectious, or both

Contagious diseases

are those spread rapidly from one individual to another through direct(touching the person), indirect(touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact(coughing, sneezing).

Infectious diseases

— Are those transmitted via a break or in occulations in the skin or mucous membranes of individuals

Agent

— Is an organism involved in the development of disease

— In relation to infectious diseases, this must be present for an infection to occur

— Viruses, bacteria, rickettsial agents, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods

Host

— Any organism that harbors and provides nutrition for the agent

— Most often humans, as well as other organisms like animals

Environment

— Refers to the conditions in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate

— It compromises physical, biological, and socioeconomic components

Sporadic

— There is intermittent occurrence of a particular communicable disease

— Intermittent, meaning, pa konti-konti lang

Endemic occurrence

— They are confined to one particular place and the cases will occur all throughout the year

— Hindi ito seasonal kasi laging may case

Epidemic occurrence

— An unusually large number of cases in a very short period of time.

— Biglang dami

Pandemic occurrence

— Simultaneous occurrence of epidemics of the same disease in several countries

— kalat sa buong mundo

Four o’clock habit

— This is a program in The Philippines wherein they target/ search and destroy vector breeding sites

— Dengue control

Dengue fever

— An acute febrile disease that is caused by the different types of the dengue virus

Etiologic agent of dengue

— Dengue virus 1, 2, 3, and 4; Chikunguya virus

Mode of transmission Dengue

— Bite of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynensis and Aedes scutellaris simplex

— Also known as tiger mosquitoes

— White stripes and dots

Tourniquet test or Rumpel Leede Test — Dengue

— Positive if 20 or more in 1 sinch square

Adults - tourniquet test

— 10-15 minutes

Pedia — tourniquet test

— 6-10 minutes

Confirmatory count and hematocrit count

— Confirmatory test for dengue

DOH CAMPAIGN

Kalusugan ng Kalikasan, Kalusugan ng Mamamayan

Malaria MOT

— Bite of anopheles mosquito

— Brown in color ; clean, slow-flowing, shaded streams

— Does not bite a person in motion

— Night biting (6pm-6am, peaks 9pm-3am)

Cyclic paroxysms

— On and off fever

— If present, it means that there are already parasites in your blood called merozoites

• Usually form in the liver

• When merozoites are already in your bloodstream, that is when your fever spikes in. This is the time that it will start to propagate in the RBC that causes damage into the RBC.

Malarial smear

— Thick - quantifying (no. of parasites in the blood)

— Thin - Identifying (species)

Rapid diagnostic test

— Can be done n the field

— Gives result within 10-15 minutes

— Detects malarial parasite antigen in the blood

Oral management - Malaria

— Arthemeter-Lumefantrine (taken immediately after food, drinks, or milk - that is going to increase the absorption of the drug)

Parental management - malaria

— Quinine HCL 300m / mL, 2mL, quinidine glucolate 80mg (50mg) 1 vial

— if your patient becomes delirious or confused or may uncontrollable / involuntary muscle twitching, it may indicate toxicity

Post-mortem direct fluorescent antibody straining test

— If it’s positive for rabies, they are going to find NEGRI BODIES

Category 1 post-exposure prophylaxis

— Touching or feeding animals

— Animal licks on intact skin

— Contact of intact skin

— No PEP measures are required

Category 2 post-exposure prophylaxis

— Nibbling of uncovered skin

— There are minor scratches and abrasions

— Immediate vaccination and local treatment is required

Category 3 post-exposure prophylaxis

— Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches

— Licks on broken skin

— Contamination of mucus membrane with saliva

• Immediate vaccination of RIG is necessary

• Local treatment of the wound

Vision — TB

— A country where TB is no longer a public health problem.

Mission — TB

— Ensure that TB-DOTS services are available, accessible, and affordable to TB clients.

Goal — TB

— Reduction of the prevalence of sputum smear positive TB cases and TB mortality to half

Rifampicin

— Red/orange urine

Isoniazid

— Hepatotoxic + Vit B6(pyridoxine) 100-200 mg daily to prevent burning sensation of the feet

Pyrasinamide

— Pain/increase uric acid

Ethambutol

— Visual acuity impairment

Streptomycin

— Hearing impairment

Category 1 — TB

— New smear (+) PTB

— New smear (-) with extensive parenchymal lesions on X-ray

— Extrapulmonary TB

• INTENSIVE PHASE: 2 months RIPE

Category 2 — TB

— Treatment failure

— Relapse

— Return after default

• INTENSIVE PHASE: 2 months RIPE + 1 month RIPE

• MAINTENANCE PHASE: 5 months RIPES

Category 3 — TB

— New smear (-) PTB with minimal parenchymal

• INTENSIVE PHASE: 2 months RIPE

  • MAINTENANCE PHASE: 4 months RIPE

Category 4 — TB

— Chronic

• INTENSIVE PHASE/MAINTENANCE PHASE: second line generation antibiotics based on results of culture and sensitivity test

Pulmonary TB - children

— Intensive phase: 2 months RIE

— Maintenance: 4 months RI

Extrapulmonary TB — children

— Intensive phase: 2 months RI

— Maintenance phase: 10 months RI