PHL Long Answer

Behaviorism

Understanding the mind through observable behaviors, focusing on external behaviors.

Functionalism

Emphasizing the functional role of mental states, focusing on internal processes and their functions.

Explanatory gap

The challenge in fully grasping subjective conscious experiences through scientific inquiry.

Higher-order volitions

Desires aligning with one's higher-order volitions affecting responsibility for behaviors, as argued by Harry Frankfurt.

Euthyphro Dilemma

Questioning whether something is good because the gods command it or if the gods command it because it is good, challenging Divine Command Theory.

Ethical responsibility of teachers

Socrates argues for teachers' responsibility for the ethical use of knowledge they impart.

Desire-satisfaction account of happiness

Happiness achieved when desires are fulfilled, contrasted with Socrates' view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous and examined life.

Highest human good

Aristotle's view that the highest human good consists of rational activity in accordance with virtue.

Callicles' account of happiness

Focused on fulfilling natural desires for power and pleasure, contrasting with Aristotle's emphasis on cultivating virtue for true happiness.

Race

Defined by Quayshawn Spencer as a biological natural kind and by Sally Haslanger as a social kind, rooted in genetic differences or societal norms.

Racial discrimination and fairness

Elizabeth Anderson's argument that racial discrimination may not always violate principles of fairness or merit, supporting affirmative action in some cases.

Gender theories

Elizabeth Barnes critiques natural and social kind theories of gender, highlighting the complexity of gender identities and experiences.