Music History Final

Offices/Liturgical Hours

Prayers that occurred every three hours, and were chanted. It also was associated with Opus Dei (Work of God).

Mass

Transubstantiation occurred which is the difference between a mass and an office. The word Mass comes from the word “missa,” which means message. Masses were chanted, and they had ordinary and proper masses. Ordinary masses have the same text every day which includes the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo… However, the text changed every day if the Proper mass was being used, and it included the Introit, Collect, Epistle…

Modes

Two categories authentic modes and plagal modes. Authentic Modes include Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, and Mixolydian. Plagal modes include Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian. WATCH VIDEOS ON DIFFERENCE!!!!!

Guido D’Arrezzo (In earlier chanting times)

Medieval teacher, and monk associated with solfeggio and creating the 4-line staff.

Characteristics of Epitaph of Seikilos

On a tombstone. 1st century CE. Its mode is Phrygian, it includes text, rhythm, and pitch notation. Pitch notation is given over the words of the epitaph in the Greek alphabet letters. Texture is monophonic. Instruments are not specified. It was written by Seikilos.

Characteristics of Orestes

Composed by Euripedes. Created in 408 BCE which was before the Epitaph. It has a Phrygian mode. Consists of notes, text, and rhythm. Only 42 notes survive because it was written on papyrus. Stasimon chorus which brings doom and gloom, and they use a Dochmaic rhythm to get that feeling. It is Heterophonic in texture.

Characteristics of Greek Music

Created for voice. Monophonic texture is a single, unaccompanied melodic line. Heterophonic texture is a variation of a single melody line, such as slightly modifying the notes or rhythms, and singing them at the same time. Versus, monophonic, which is everyone singing the exact same thing at the same time.

Rules of St. Benedict

Started chants basically. Known for Ora et Labora which means “Work and Pray.” This idea of praying for them was really known as offices.

Greek Mathematician associated with perfect intervals

Pythagoras

Name the two Greek cults and their representative instruments

Cult 1: Dionysius, Aulos

Cult 2: Apollonian, Lyre

Leather strap that holds aulos in place in the mouth

Phorbeia

Solmization

Is a system used to teach and identify pitches in melodies by assigning syllables to notes, such as Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. This is something Guido D’Arrezzo is known for. Singers used this for monophonic chants, so they could learn them quickly.

Greek beater of time on the foot

Kroupolon

Greek belief that music affects the soul

Doctrine of Ethos

Building block of Greek Music

Tetrachord

Trochaic, iambic, are examples of

Rhythmic Modes

If Greek music is accompanied by an instrument duplicating the vocal line, what is the texture?

Monophonic since they are doing the same thing

What is the texture of the Christian chant?

Monophonic

What is the language usually associated with the Chant?

Latin

First notated non-liturgical drama and composer

Ordo Virtutem, St. Hildegard

Philosopher associated with musica mundane, musica humana, and musica instrumentalis that believed that the true musician was the critic

Boethius

Compiler of the Medieval chants

Pope Gregory I

Ora et Labora was associated with which monk?

St. Benedict

The ritual of chants- transubstantiation- is called the

Mass

What were the different types of psalms?

Responsorial, antiphonal, and unison

If one monk was answered by a group of monks this performance style was called

Responsorial

If one set of monks responded to another set of monks this performance style was called

Antiphonal

If a syllable of a chant had many pitches it was called

Melismatic

If a syllable had only one pitch it was called

Syllabic

If all the syllables had the same exact pitch (no variance) it was called

Psalmodic

Set of notes used to create chants with a range, reciting tone, and finalis

Modes

The Mass prayers that have the same words all the time are called, and name the Greek prayer that is an example

Ordinary, Kyrie

What are representative pitch gestures called?

Neumes

Chanted prayers giving praise every three hours of the day

Offices

Which chants use the form abbccdde, and are created by adding words to the jubilus of the alleluia? Name an example from the Mass for the Dead.

Sequences, Dies Irae

Podatus

Two pitches on one syllable. The notes that look like they are stuck together

Two clefs used in chants

F-clef and C-clef

Identify the five parts of a psalm

Initium, Reciting tone, Mediatio, Recting tone, Terminatio

Reciting tone

Repeated note throughout the psalm

Finalis of psalm

Is the end note

What is the symbol called that appears at the end of every line? Why is it there?

Custos, to show the next pitch

Why is the asterisk symbol used?

It is used to show a pause when the two sides of the choir alternate.

What is the abbreviation for the end words of the Christian psalm?

EUOUAE

Format for a psalm

Antiphon, verse, Gloria Patri, antiphon

What is the last section we hear sung in a psalm?

Antiphon

Organum- Initially 2 lines

Vox principalis- the Gregorian chant line

Vox- organalis- the newly generated line dependent on the vox principalis

Oral tradition organum

Vox principalis- top line

Vox organalis- bottom line

Can move parallel motion which means vox and chant moves in the same direction. Or contrary motion which means chant and vox move in different directions

Written organum

After Micrologus because it was notated

Eleventh Century Organum

Vox organalis- top line

Vox principalis- bottom line

This could be parallel, contrary, or oblique motion

Is associated with Guido D’Arrezzo

Melismatic Organum

Aquitanian school, has many pitches on top, but not a lot on bottom

Vox organalis- on top has more pitches per syllable than vox principalis

Vox principalis- bottom line has less notes per syllable

Notre-Dame Organum

Leonin and Perotin were famous composers for this type. Had up to 4 lines. Top 3 lines moved together rhythmically which was called a discant or discantus. Bottom line was a drone.

Beginning of Polyphony

Motet- many set of words happening at the same time but moving at different time frames because of the difference in text. Had up to 4 lines

Sacred Motet

All words religious in nature and had a Gregorian chant bottom line

Secular Motet

Top lines in the vernacular, secular topics, and the Gregorian chant line at the bottom was usually replaced with instruments if that was the case it was known as a Franconian Motet.

Polyphonic Conductus

Latin processional music usually 3 lines of music, one set of words, all lines move at the same time (homophonic).

Musica Ficta

Accidentals that performers added even though they were not written in the music. They would raise or lower certain notes by a half step.

Imitated Polyphony

Is created by the first round piece “Sumer is icumen in.” This was also the first time thirds and sixths were used. Bottom held notes while top was moving.

Franco of Cologne Notation

He created fourteenth century notation. Look at paper to know symbols

Ars Antiqua

First half of Medieval Period. Old Art- 1050-1200

Ars Nova

Second half of Medieval Period. New Art- 1300-1450. Important composers De Vitry and Machaut. Landini was also important in the Trecento style which is the Italian version of Ars Nova. He created the Landini Cadence 7-6-1. Known for writing Ballatas.

Ars Subtilior

Developed complex rhythms and notation. This included music written in hearts called Belle Bonne Sage. Red ink indicated time change. Subtle Art- 1370-1420

Historic- Dual Papacy

1378- 1417, Fighting over who should be pope between France and Italy

Polyphonic Rondeau

ABaAabAB, comes from poems mostly. One set of words but multiple voices.

Monophonic Rondeau

ABaabAB one melody and one set of words

Talea

Repeating rhythmic pattern

Color

Repeating melodic pattern

Isorhythm

Use of talea and color in chant line

Medieval Motet vs. Renaissance Motet

Medieval has more than one set of words, while Renaissance has one set of words.

Medieval French songs about good deeds

Chanson de geste

Medieval polyphonic work with many set of words, vocal bottom line of chant is instrumental

Secular Motet

Treatise by Guido D’Arrezzo includes organum

Micrologus

Gregorian chant line in organum is called

Vox principalis

The musical line in organum that is newly generated and dependent on the Gregorian chant line in movement is called

Vox organalis

Medieval theorist responsible for notation

Franco of Cologne

Predecessor to the oboe

Shawm

In Notre Dame organum, top lines move together in a rhythmic mode called the

Discantus

Medieval category of instruments used for indoor entertainment

Bas

Composer of Ars Nova treatise

Philippe de Vitry

Type of organum where the vox organalis moves faster on top of the vox principalis

Melismatic organum

Two headed medieval drum with a snare accompanies a pipe played by same person

Tabor

Dance with cadences of stamping

Estampie

Architecture using rounded arches in the Medieval period

Romanesque

Composer of the first polyphonic mass

Machaut

Is polyphonic rondeau sacred or secular?

Secular

Predecessor to trombone

Sackbut

Sumer is icumen is an example of a

Rota. It is a secular piece, and is anonymous

Vox principalis as the the top line above the vox organalis moving a fourth or fifth apart in the same direction is called

Parallel organum

Medieval German composers, and the form they used

Minnesingers, bar form

Type of notated organum- the upper line (vox organalis) moves with lower line (vox principalis) at the same time and is associated with Guido D’Arrezzo

Eleventh century organum

Medieval secular composers from the south of France using strophic form, and name a composer

Troubadour, Bernart de Ventadorn. Troubadour songs use strophic form.

Ars Nova event of sickness due to infected fleas

Great Plague

Entertainers during the Medieval period

Jongleurs

Form used in Robin and Marion play, and the composer

Monophonic rondeau, Adam de la Halle who was from the North of France and a Trouvere

Secular Medieval songs in Latin where Carmina Burana texts were used

Goliard

Medieval instrument in which the sound is produced by a wheel turned by a crank against strings

Hurdy gurdy

Triple (perfect) time, Subdivision: duple

Full circle

Duple time (imperfect), Subdivision: triple

Half circle with dot in it

Triple time (perfect), Subdivision: Triple

Full circle with a dot in it

Duple time (imperfect), Subdivision: duple

Half circle

1450-1600

Renaissance