ANAT L28 Pelvic Organs

What is the function of the ureter

Transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder

Where do ureters insert

Posterolateral bladder wall

How do ureters prevent backflow

Oblique entry creates one way valve

What epithelium lines ureter mucosa

Transitional epithelium

What is function of ureter muscularis externa

Peristalsis

What is function of ureter adventitia

Elastic recoil and stretch resistance

What is the function of the urinary bladder

Stores and expels urine

Where is the bladder located

Retroperitoneal tipped over pubic symphysis

What epithelium lines bladder mucosa

Transitional epithelium

What are rugae in bladder

Folds that allow expansion

What is the detrusor muscle

Three layers of smooth muscle in bladder

What is the function of bladder adventitia

Prevent overstretching

What is the trigone

Smooth triangular region between ureters and internal urethral orifice

What is the internal urethral orifice

Opening from bladder to urethra

What is the internal urethral sphincter

Smooth muscle under autonomic control

What is the external urethral sphincter

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

Where is the external urethral sphincter located

Urogenital hiatus

What is the length of urethra in individuals with penis

18 to 20 cm

What is the function of this urethra

Transports urine and semen

What structures does it pass through

Prostate and corpus spongiosum

What is the length of urethra in individuals without penis

3 to 5 cm

Why is this urethra more prone to infection

Short length and proximity to anus

What is the anal canal

Structure connecting rectum to anus

What are anal columns

Vertical folds carrying neurovasculature

What are anal sinuses

Spaces containing mucus secreting glands

What is the internal anal sphincter

Smooth muscle under involuntary control

What is the external anal sphincter

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

During storage of urine and feces what is state of internal sphincters

Contracted

During storage what is state of detrusor and rectal muscle

Relaxed

What type of control maintains storage

Sympathetic

What triggers the micturition reflex

Stretch receptors in bladder wall

What happens during micturition reflex

Parasympathetic relaxes internal sphincter contracts detrusor voluntary relaxation releases urine

What triggers defecation reflex

Stretch receptors in rectum

What happens during defecation reflex

Parasympathetic relaxes internal anal sphincter contracts rectum voluntary relaxation releases feces

What is the function of testes

Produce sperm and hormones

Where are testes located

Scrotum

What surrounds testes

Tunica albuginea

What do septa form in testes

Lobules

Where does sperm develop

Seminiferous tubules

Where does sperm mature

Epididymis

What happens in epididymis

Maturation storage and motility development

Why do testes pass through inguinal canal

They develop in abdomen and descend

What is the deep inguinal ring

Entrance to inguinal canal

What is the superficial inguinal ring

Exit from inguinal canal

What clinical issue occurs at inguinal canal

Inguinal hernia

What is the spermatic cord

Structure containing support structures of testes

What structures are in spermatic cord

Gonadal artery pampiniform plexus vas deferens nerves

What is function of gonadal artery

Supply blood to gonads

What is pampiniform plexus

Venous network that cools blood

What is vas deferens

a thick, muscular tube that transports sperm

What is the function of epididymis

Modify fluid recycle sperm store sperm

What happens to sperm during ejaculation

Ductus deferens contracts to move sperm

Where does ductus deferens lead

Seminal vesicle

What do seminal vesicles secrete

Fructose prostaglandins alkaline fluid

What is function of fructose

Energy for sperm

What is function of prostaglandins

Stimulate smooth muscle contractions

What is ampulla of vas deferens

Dilated region before ejaculatory duct

What forms ejaculatory duct

Ampulla and seminal vesicle

What does prostate gland secrete

Milky fluid with citric acid PSA enzymes

What is function of PSA(Prostate Specific Antigen)

Liquefies semen

What are bulbourethral glands

small glands located in the urogenital diaphragm that secrete a clear, viscous mucin

What do bulbourethral glands secrete

Mucus for lubrication and neutralization

What is semen

Combination of sperm and glandular secretions

What is the function of ovaries

Produce oocytes and hormones

Where are ovaries located

Lateral pelvic wall

What covers ovaries

Simple cuboidal epithelium(outside) and tunica albuginea(inside)

What is ovarian cortex

Outer region with follicles

What is ovarian medulla

Inner region with vessels and nerves(support tissue)

What ligaments support ovary

Ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament

What does suspensory ligament contain

Ovarian vessels

What is function of ovarian ligament

Connect ovary to uterus

Where does ovarian artery originate

Abdominal aorta

Where does ovarian vein drain

Right to IVC left to renal vein

What is the function of uterine tubes

Transport oocyte and site of fertilization

What are parts of uterine tube

Fimbriae infundibulum ampulla isthmus

What do fimbriae do

Sweep oocyte into tube

What does infundibulum do

Ciliated funnel moving oocyte from ovaries

Where does fertilization occur

Ampulla

What is isthmus

Connection to uterus

How long does an oocyte take to travel to the uterus?

3 to 4 days

What happens if oocyte is not fertilized

Degenerates

What is the uterus

Pear shaped muscular organ

Where is uterus located

True pelvis posterior to bladder anterior to rectum

What are regions of uterus

Fundus body cervix

What is function of cervix

Produces mucus barrier or allows sperm passage

What are layers of uterus

Perimetrium myometrium endometrium

What is function of endometrium

Builds and sheds or supports implantation

What is round ligament of uterus

Peritoneal structure anchoring uterus to labia majora

What is the function of vagina

Passage for menstruation intercourse and childbirth

What type of epithelium lines vagina

Stratified squamous non keratinized

What are vaginal rugae

Folds allowing expansion

What environment does vagina maintain

Acidic environment

What organism supports vaginal health

Lactobacillus

What is hysterectomy

Surgical removal of uterus sometimes including ovaries and tubes