Music Cultures 4

• The United Nations estimates that, by 2050, _______.

• Option 1

  7 out of 10 Latin American children will be underfed.

  Option 2

  9 out of 10 Latin American citizens will live in a city.

  Option 3

  Half the indigenous languages in Latin America will be eradicated.

  Option 4

  8 out of 10 Latin American households will derive their majority income from tourism.

9 out of 10 Latin American citizens will live in a city.

• What type of music is Champeta ?

• Option 1

  a popular Afro-Colombian dance music.

  Option 2

  a traditional Colombian drum music.

  Option 3

  a popular form of Argentinian ballad.

  Option 4

  a hybrid music made in New York based on Latin American rural styles.

a popular Afro-Colombian dance music.

• Conjunto norteños are known for performing all of the following song styles EXCEPT

• Option 1

  corridos.

  Option 2

  ranchera.

  Option 3

  wayno.

  Option 4

  polka.

wayno.

• Which of the following is a wooden, keyed xylophone originally from Africa that is widely popular in Latin America?

• Option 1

  marimba

  Option 2

  yaraví

  Option 3

  huapangeura

  Option 4

  surdo

marimba

• The Suyá believe that songs come from and are learned from animals, insects, fish, and plants of the forest.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

True

• All of the following are ways in which Aymara musical performance is shaped by Aymara social collectivity EXCEPT

• Option 1

  Panpipes are played in pairs, hocket style, requiring two musicians to work together in order to sound all of the notes of any given melody.

  Option 2

  Aymara musicians do not comment on or correct the musical performance of others in their group.

  Option 3

  The primary aesthetic value is to play 'as one,'' or for the group to sound like a single instrument.

  Option 4

  Aymara musicians regularly perform solo repertory.

Aymara musicians regularly perform solo repertory.

• True or False? There are two different types of tango music, one for dancing and one for listening.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

True

• Candombe music and dance is native to what nation?

• Option 1

  Uruguay

  Option 2

  Nicaragua

  Option 3

  Chile

  Option 4

  Bolivia

Uruguay

• True or False? In addition to being associated with specific Catholic saints, Orixas are characterized by a relationship with particular colors, songs, anecdotes, objects, animals, plants and other atmospheric phenomena.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

True

• True or False? During the 1930s and 40s, Los Angeles became an important fulcrum around which communities began to explore what it meant and sounded like to be Latino/a in the United States.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

False

• Which of the following is an Andean end-notched flute that predates the arrival of the Spaniards on the continent?

• Option 1

  copla

  Option 2

  kena

  Option 3

  bajo sexto

  Option 4

  joropo

kena

• True or False? Nortec is a genre based in rural Mexico.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

False

• True or False? The urban popular version of vallenato ensembles tend to include electric bass, one or two guitars and drum kits, in addition to the traditional instruments of accordion, guacharaca, and caja.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

True

• In the mid-twentieth century, Rafael Trujillo was instrumental in bringing which musical genre into ballrooms, concert halls, and salons?

• Option 1

  salsa

  Option 2

  punta

  Option 3

  merengue

  Option 4

  rumba

merengue

• In which of the following nations did the Garifuna people settle?

• Option 1

  Belize

  Option 2

  Guatemala

  Option 3

  Honduras

  Option 4

  All of the above

All of the above

• Two genres that are characteristic of music in the Indo-Trinidadian community are

• Option 1

  dholak and cariso

  Option 2

  chutney and Tan-singing

  Option 3

  Thumri and canboulay

  Option 4

  chutney-soca and calypso

chutney and Tan-singing

• The emergence of major carnival festivals outside of the Caribbean can be explained by

• Option 1

  the work of record executives hoping to create a bigger market for the Caribbean music they sell by re-creating the context for consumers.

  Option 2

  increased tourism to places such as Trinidad; tourists are motivated to recreate the wonders they have seen once they return home.

  Option 3

  twice-diasporized Caribbean nationals living in major cities outside of the Caribbean; these immigrants continue to remember and wish to participate in the traditions of home.

  Option 4

  economic inequalities that make it more feasible and affordable to organize this kind of large-scale festival in the United States than in the Caribbean.

twice-diasporized Caribbean nationals living in major cities outside of the Caribbean; these immigrants continue to remember and wish to participate in the traditions of home.

• True or false? Chutney-Soca is a popular music style that reflects both Afro-Creole and South Asian traditions present in Trinidadian culture.

• Option 1

  TRUE

  Option 2

  FALSE

True

• Junkanoo is a Bahamaian festival that

• Option 1

  was created in 1973 to mark Bahamian independence and is celebrated with parades on Bay Street.

  Option 2

  honors the roots of Bahamian music by showcasing genres such as rake-n-scrape.

  Option 3

  features song competitions leading up to Lent, when a winning monarch is crowned.

  Option 4

  is celebrated at Boxing Day (December 26) and New Year’s Day and includes costumes, music, and dance.

is celebrated at Boxing Day (December 26) and New Year’s Day and includes costumes, music, and dance.

• Which of the following groups of instruments is characteristic of a rumba ensemble?

• Option 1

  goatskin drum, accordion, saw

  Option 2

  lead singer, chorus, clave, palitos, congas

  Option 3

  guitar, marimba, guira, tambora drum

  Option 4

  gwo ka drum, tibwa, chorus, lead singer

lead singer, chorus, clave, palitos, congas

• Jamaica’s reciprocal engagement with North American and global music markets is demonstrated by all of the following musical genres EXCEPT

• Option 1

  punta

  Option 2

  ska

  Option 3

  reggae

  Option 4

  dancehall

punta

• The Garifuna trace their origins to which island?

• Option 1

  St. Vincent

  Option 2

  Hispaniola

  Option 3

  St. Kitts

  Option 4

  Cuba

St. Vincent

• The band Kassav’ is credited with creating which of the following musical genres?

• Option 1

  biguine

  Option 2

  zouk

  Option 3

  cadence-lypso

  Option 4

  punta rock

zouk

• The instrumental style that emerged in the 1940s in Trinidad, boasting bands with as many as one hundred and twenty performers and as few as eleven, was

• Option 1

  son.

  Option 2

  steel band.

  Option 3

  orquesta merengue.

  Option 4

  tamboo bamboo.

steel band

• Bomba is a drumming tradition that hails from which of the following places?

• Option 1

  Puerto Rico

  Option 2

  Martinique

  Option 3

  Cuba

  Option 4

  Belize

Puerto Rico

• Thumri is best described as

• Option 1

  a genre of chutney singing performed exclusively by women.

  Option 2

  a genre of chutney singing performed exclusively by men.

  Option 3

  a genre of Tan-singing, distinctively East Indian in origin.

  Option 4

  a genre of Tan-singing that replicates perfectly traditions still found in India today.

a genre of Tan-singing, distinctively East Indian in origin.

• All of the following are examples of Caribbean syncretic religious systems EXCEPT

• Option 1

  obeah.

  Option 2

  shango.

  Option 3

  santería.

  Option 4

  batá.

bata

Zouk

Popular music style of the French Antilles, popularized in the 1980s by the band Kassav’.

Bhajan

Hindu devotional song.

Canboulay

Processions that commemorated the harvesting of burnt cane fields before emancipation.

Cariso

Traditional French creole song. Early form of calypso, often employing insulting or satirical lyrics.

Chowtal

A form of folk music associated with phagwa (holi) in Trinidad and having roots in Indian (Bhojpuri) folk music.

Chutney-soca

Popular music style of Trinidad that combines elements of two earlier styles, soca and chutney.

Cinquillo

A rhythmic cell common throughout the Caribbean, containing five separate articulations and organized into a long-short-long-short-long pattern.

Colonialism

A structure of conquest and control in which one country gains political power over another through economic, social, and cultural exploitation, usually in pursuit of natural resources.

Copla

An Iberian-derived verse form with four octosyllabic lines per stanza.

Decima

An Iberian-derived, octosyllabic verse form with ten octosyllabic lines per stanza. The rhyming scheme is ABBAACCDDC.

Diaspora

A group of people who have been forcibly displaced from their traditional homeland or point of origin.

Guiro

A rattle made out of a vegetable gourd.

Hispaniola

The name of the large Caribbean island shared by the modern nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Idiophone

Scientific term for all instruments whose bodies vibrate as the principal method of sound-production, including rattles and many other percussion instruments.

Junkanoo

A Bahamian festival, celebrated on Boxing Day (December 26) and New Year's Day and including music, costume arts, and dance.

Marimbula

A large box lamellaphone used as a bass instrument in a variety of Caribbean ensembles.

Merengue

Popular dance music of the Dominican Republic.

Metropole

From Metropolis, or “mother city.” Also used for any colonizing “mother country.”

Montuno

(Caribbean) (Latin America). A term designating both the improvisatory call-and-response section of a Cuban rumba or son performance (and, later on, the same section within salsa performances) and the technique of arpeggiating chords on the piano.

Obeah

Bahamian folk belief and practice derived from African religious models and concerned with controlling and deploying powers in service of both good (i.e., healing) and evil (i.e., vengeance).

Orisha

(Caribbean): A spirit understood as one of the manifestations of God within Yoruba and Yoruba-derived religious practice.

Ostinato

A repeated or cyclical melody or rhythmic pattern.

Punta Rock

Popular music style developed by the Garifuna, featuring call-and-response vocals and a rich percussion accompaniment derived from traditional punta music.

Quadrille

A dance, originating in Europe and adapted to Caribbean contexts. It was historically performed by couples arranged in a square formation and following a series of set dance figures.

Rake ’n’ Scrape

A traditional Bahamian music, usually played on accordion, saw, and goatskin drum.

Rumba

Cuban dance form that developed at the end of the nineteenth century. The typical Rumba ensemble consists of a lead vocalist, a chorus, clave, palitos, and congas.

Steel band

A band composed of oil drums that have been “tuned” to play a range of pitches.

Tamboo bamboo band

Bamboo percussion band that accompanied cariso songs during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.