Endocrine System, Urinary System, Immune System, and Skeletal System

the _______ is a set of organs that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system

endocrine system

_______ are the chemicals released into the blood and act as signals to target organs to perform various functions

hormones

_______ is a mechanism that includes the monitoring for specific homeostatic levels and a signal to a gland; this signal stimulates or inhibits the gland’s secretion in order to maintain homeostasis or cause compensations that returns the level to homeostasis

negative feedback

a(n) _______ is a specific type of organ that secretes hormones into the blood to target and affect other organs

gland

the _______ is the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

thyroid

the _______ is an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone

parathyroid

the _______ is the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells

thymus

the _______ is a gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions

adrenal

the _______ is the gland of the digestive and endocrine system that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

pancreas

what controls the pituitary gland?

the hypothalamus

the _______ is a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin

pineal gland

the pancreas releases the hormone _______, which signals cells to uptake sugar

insulin

_______ hormones can enter a cell and regulate DNA

lipid-based

a(n) _______ is a duct-less gland that secretes hormones

endocrine gland

when the adrenal glands secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength, and metabolism _______

increase

hormone imbalance can cause metabolic disease such as _______, _______, and _______

diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and gigantism

in people with hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland releases too much _______

thyroxine

gigantism occurs when the pituitary gland makes too much _______ in children

growth hormone

_______ is a secretion of the anterior pituitary that stimulates tissue growth; aka somatoropin

growth hormone

_______ is a secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to reabsorbed from a collecting duct

antidiuretic hormone

_______ causes an increase in the secretion of a hormone, pushing levels further out of homeostasis until a particular biological effect is reached (ex. childbirth)

positive feedback

_______ is a hormone made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary; one of its functions is to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth

oxytocin

when blood sugar levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release the hormone _______

insulin

when blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells in the pancreas secrete _______

glucagon

where is glycogen stored?

in the liver and muscle cells

_______ are chemical messengers that stimulate the production of certain hormones

releasing hormones

_______ are chemical messengers that restrict the production of certain hormones

inhibiting hormones

which of the following best describes the kind of message sent in the endocrine system?

a) electrical signals between axons

b) chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream

c) physical sensory signals received through the integumentary system

d) audiovisual signals processed through the brain

b) chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream

which of the following structures secretes releasing hormones?

a) hypothalamus

b) pituitary

c) pancreas

d) liver

a) hypothalamus

which of the following is a function of the pineal gland?

a) releasing growth hormone

b) releasing melatonin

c) releasing insulin and glucagon

d) releasing luteinizing hormone

b) releasing melatonin

which of the following glands releases epinephrine during stress?

a) hypothalamus

b) adrenal glands

c) pancreas

d) pituitary gland

b) adrenal glands

the _______ is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra and functions in the excretory process

urinary system

the _______ is the structure that stores urine in the body until elimination

urinary bladder

the _______ are the pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood

kidneys

what are the two main region layers of the kidneys?

the renal cortex and the renal medulla

the _______ is the outer layer of the kidney where blood vessels are located; produces erythropoietin

renal cortex

the _______ is the innermost part of the kidney where the concentration of urine is regulated

renal medulla

the renal cortex produces _______, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells

erythropoietin

kidneys have a _______, which allows oxygenated blood to enter the kidney; they also have _______ which allows filtered, deoxygenated blood to leave the kidney

renal artery; renal veins

the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are parts of the _______ system

excretory

the _______ are small tubes (one for each kidney) that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder, which holds urine until elimination

ereters

_______ waste from protein digestion is toxic and must be removed because it will form ammonia

nitrogenous

_______ are primarily responsible for filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, and producing the active form of vitamin D

kidneys

the structural and functional unit of the kidney is the _______

nephron

_______ are a system of microscopic tubules that use various pressure levels to remove wastes and reabsorb important molecules and water

nephrons

the _______ is a network of capillaries from which blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood

glomerulus

_______ is material that includes water, urea, glucose, salts, and other small molecules that leave the blood through the walls of the glomerular capillaries to enter the Bowman’s capsule

filtrate

the _______ is the first location where glucose and other useful solute are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capillaries; it connects the Bowman’s capsule to the Loop of Henle

proximal tubule

the _______ carries blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava

renal vein

_______ is a hormone, produced by the kidneys, that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt

renin

which of the following parts of the male urinary system also transports sperm?

a) ureter

b) urethra

c) uterus

d) urinary bladder

b) urethra

which of the following waste products from digestion does the kidney remove?

a) nitrogen

b) sodium chloride

c) protein

d) carbon

a) nitrogen

which of the following best describes the outcome if the kidneys stopped functioning?

a) blood would increase its carbon dioxide concentration

b) blood would fill with waste and the human body would not be able to maintain homeostasis

c) the kidneys would fill with urine

d) the frequency in which a human excretes urine would increase

b) blood would fill with waste and the human body would not be able to maintain homeostasis

which of the following structures is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

a) renal capillaries

b) glomerulus

c) nephron

d) cortex

c) nephron

the _______ protects the body from disease-causing agents known as pathogens

immune system

_______ defense is a nonspecific response to pathogens by the immune system

innate

_______ defense is a specific response by the immune system to a given pathogen

adaptive defense

the _______ line of defense in the immune system is composed of skin, mucus, and secretions and it keeps pathogens from entering the body; innate

first

the ______ line of defense in the innate immune system is composed of phagocytes, specific proteins, and the inflammatory response and fights pathogens that have entered the body; innate

second

the _______ line of defense in the immune system is the adaptive immune system

third

the _______ immune system is a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

innate

the _______ immune system is a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

adaptive

_______ are lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

B cells

_______ are white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in an immune response

T cells

_______ microorganisms are microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing harm

commensal

in an inflammatory response, _______ are released, increasing not only blood flow to the area but also the number of white blood cells known as phagocytes to the area

histamines

_______ are proteins that are secreted by leukocytes that interfere with the production of new viruses, if a virus enters the body

interferons

_______ and _______ attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens

antimicrobial peptides and natural killer cells

what are the two responses of the adaptive immune system?

cellular and humoral

in the adaptive immune system, the _______ response destroys the infected cell, and the _______ destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells

cellular; humoral

_______ are substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign

antigens

_______ are cells that display foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surface to helper T cells

antigen-presenting cells

a(n) _______ is a type of lymphocyte that secretes interleukins, a protein that triggers the action of other cells, including the attack of foreign cells by the cytotoxic T cell

helper T cell

_______ are the category of lymphocytes that attack foreign cells

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells produce _______ to activate a cytotoxic T cell

cytokines

a(n) _______ is a blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen

antibody

a(n) _______ is a lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction

memory cell

_______ immunity is protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens

active

_______ immunity is temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source

passive immunity

a(n) _______ is a pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as pathogen

autoimmune disease

_______ is a progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

rheumatoid arthritis

which of the following is a barrier that helps prevent pathogens from invading the body?

a) histamines

b) mucus

c) T cells

d) macrophages

b) mucus

a bacteria cell enters the body through a cut in the skin. which of the following describes the immune response that would occur next?

a) cytotoxic T cells form

b) histamines are released

c) antigens are released

d) helper T cells are activated

b) histamines are released

which of the following types of cells produce antibodies?

a) T cells

b) plasma cells

c) memory cells

d) macrophages

b) plasma cells

which of the following best describes the purpose of a vaccine?

a) to produce extra inflammatory responses such as the release of histamines

b) to practice passive immunity

c) to produce antibodies in case of future infection

d) to increase macrophage production

c) to produce antibodies in case of future infection

what are the three main functions of the skeletal system?

movement, protection, and storage of minerals and fat

_______ is a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones

osteoporosis

_______ is a degenerative joint disease

osteoarthritis

what are the 4 major types of bones?

long, short, flat, and irregular

_______ have longer lengths than widths and make up most of the bones in the arms and legs; ex. femur

long bones

the marrow in a long bone is called _______ and stores lipids (fat)

yellow marrow

_______ is found at the ends of long bones and is the site of blood cell production

red bone marrow

the ends of long bones have _______, which is hyaline cartilage where bone elongation happens (aka epiphyseal plate)

growth plate

_______ have the same length and width; ex. wrist and ankle bones

short bones

_______ are thin and flat and are used to protect vital organs; ex. ribs; also contain red bone marrow and produce blood cells

flat bones

_______, such as the hip bones and vertebrae, have other shapes

irregular bones

_______ are places where bones meet other bones; may be movable or immovable

joints

_______ joints are points of articulation that allow for abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation; ex. hip socket

ball-and-socket

_______ are made up of touch connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

ligaments

_______ is a kind of connective tissue that protects bones and stops them from grinding against each other

hyaline cartilage