Unit 4 Pt 1 (simplified

Instincts

Inborn behaviors you are born knowing A baby sucking for milk

Drive-Reduction Theory

We are motivated to reduce physical discomfort Eating when hungry

Homeostasis

Keeping the body in balance Sweating when hot

Ghrelin

Hormone that makes you hungry Stomach growling before lunch

Leptin

Hormone that tells you to stop eating Feeling full after a meal

Hypothalamus

Brain part that controls hunger and body temperature Knowing when to eat

Pituitary Gland

Master gland that controls other hormones Releasing growth hormones

Belongingness

Need to feel accepted and connected Joining a club for friends

Arousal Theory

We want the right level of alertness Taking a break when bored

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Too little or too much stress hurts performance Test anxiety causing mistakes

Sensation-Seeking Theory

Wanting exciting and new experiences Loving roller coasters

Thrill Seeking

Wanting risky excitement Bungee jumping

Adventure Seeking

Wanting new physical challenges Hiking new trails

Disinhibition

Acting without thinking of rules Acting wild at a party

Boredom Susceptibility

Getting bored easily Changing hobbies often

Incentive Theory

Doing things for rewards Working for a bonus

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something because you enjoy it Playing music for fun

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for rewards or to avoid punishment Studying for a scholarship

Self-Determination Theory

Motivation from choice, skill, and connection Teaching because it feels meaningful

Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

Stress from making hard choices Choosing between colleges

Approach-Approach Conflict

Choosing between two good options Two good job offers

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Choosing between two bad options Homework or detention

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

One choice with good and bad parts High pay but far from family

Emotion

A feeling with body and thoughts Feeling happy and smiling

Affect

How emotion looks on the outside Crying when sad

Elicitors

Things that cause emotions Loud noise causing fear

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions affect feelings Smiling makes you happier

Display Rules

Rules for showing emotions Hiding anger in class

Broaden-and-Build Theory

Positive emotions help you grow Happiness increases creativity

Universal Emotions

Emotions everyone recognizes Fear recognized worldwide

James-Lange Theory

Body reaction comes first, emotion second Heart races then fear

Cannon-Bard Theory

Body reaction and emotion happen together Fear and racing heart at same time

Schachter-Singer Theory

Emotion comes from arousal plus thinking Labeling arousal as fear

Psychodynamic Theory

Personality shaped by unconscious thoughts Childhood affects adulthood

Preconscious Mind

Memories you can easily remember Recalling your phone number

Unconscious Mind

Hidden thoughts affecting behavior Fear without knowing why

Denial

Refusing to accept reality Ignoring a failing grade

Displacement

Taking feelings out on someone else Yelling at family after stress

Projection

Putting your feelings on others Accusing someone of anger

Rationalization

Making excuses for behavior Blaming the test instead of studying

Reaction Formation

Acting opposite of true feelings Being mean to someone you like

Regression

Acting younger when stressed Tantrum under pressure

Repression

Pushing painful memories away Forgetting trauma

Sublimation

Turning bad urges into good actions Using anger in sports

Humanistic Psychology

Focus on personal growth and free will Choosing passion over money

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance without judgment Parent supports child after failure

Self-Actualizing Tendency

Desire to be your best self Pursuing a dream career

Social-Cognitive Theory

Learning from others and environment Copying good study habits

Reciprocal Determinism

Person, behavior, and environment affect each other Confidence improves grades

Self-Concept

How you see yourself Seeing yourself as hardworking

Self-Efficacy

Belief you can succeed Trying a hard class

Self-Esteem

How much you value yourself Confidence after praise

Trait Theories

Personality is made of stable traits Always being organized

Big Five Theory

Five main personality traits OCEAN traits

Personality Inventories

Tests that measure personality Big Five test

Factor Analysis

Grouping traits using statistics Finding OCEAN traits

Openness to Experience

Being curious and creative Trying new ideas

Conscientiousness

Being organized and responsible Meeting deadlines

Extraversion

Being outgoing and social Enjoying parties

Agreeableness

Being kind and cooperative Helping others

Emotional Stability

Staying calm under stress Remaining calm during exams