Health Alt - Untested Content

HIV

Retrovirus affecting immune system; targets and destroys CD4 WBCs (T cells) 

• Results in opportunistic infections 

  • Tuberculosis 

  • Fungal infections 

  • Bacterial infections 

  • Cancers 

viral load

number of HIV copies in a mL of blood

AIDS

• when number of CD4 cells drops so low, the body can’t fight infection of any kind

  • Takes 8-10 years of no treatment to progress this

10

Someone exposed to HIV can test positive as early as ____ days after exposure.

acute infection

first stage of HIV that begins 2-4 weeks & lasts up to 12 weeks

chronic infection

stage of HIV that lasts 2-10 years

AIDS

final stage of HIV that is reached when CD4 count reaches <200

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

treatment for HIV/AIDS that prevents HIV from making copies of itself

• Combination of medicines (“regimen”) 

• “enhancers” can make ART more effective 

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

preventative treatment for HIV/AIDS

• Daily oral med or long-acting injectable 

• Reduces risk of getting HIV from sexual transmission by 99% and 74% for people who inject drugs 

malnutrition

Deficit, excess, or imbalance of essential nutrients 

• Affects body composition and functional status 

• Leads to 

  • Delayed wound healing 

  • Decreased immunity 

  • Impact on mood and energy levels 

anemia

decreased hemoglobin level (<12g/dL) may indicate ________.

dehydration

decreased hematocrit level (<40%) may indicate ___________.

protein

a decreased serum albumin (<3.3) can indicate prolonged ________ depletion/malabsorption.

enteral nutrition

Nutritional intake through GI tract; via mouth or GI tube (tube feeding) 

nasogastric (NG) tube

type of enteral tube feeding that is used for short term (<4 weeks)

• Uses: 

  • Decompression/bowel obstruction 

  • Lavage 

  • Administering feedings/fluids/meds 

gastrostomy/jejunostomy

type of enteral tube feeding that is used for long term (>4 weeks)

• TBI, neurodegenerative disease, comatose 

• Regurgitation & aspiration less likely 

• Placed surgically, endoscopically, or fluoroscopically 

6

For tube feedings, blood glucose checks should occur Q__h.

4

gastric residuals should be drawn Q__h for continuous feeds.

30

For tube feed administration, the HOB should be maintained at ____ degrees or greater.

30

for tube feedings, ____mL of water should be used for flushing.

continuous feed

type of tube feed administration in which a feeding pump is used to slowly infuse the formula over long periods 

• Recommended for acutely ill, at risk for aspiration, and intolerance 

intermittent feed

type of tube feed administration in which the feed is delivered at regular intervals using gravity or a feeding pump over a set period of time 

• Most practical & inexpensive option for home/long-term care facility 

• Might also be given as a bolus (using syringe to instill large amount quickly) 

cyclic feed

type of tube feed administration that is an alternative method to continuous; given over 8-18 hours 

• Used for 

  • Those weaning from tube feeds to oral diet 

  • Supplement for pts who cannot eat enough 

  • Those who need daytime hours free from pump (infuses overnight) 

dumping syndrome

complication of tube feeding that results from high osmolality taken in large amounts; occurs 15-30 minutes after eating 

• Manifestations 

• Feelings of fullness, nausea, cramping, diarrhea 

• Weakness 

• Dizziness/vertigo 

• Diaphoresis 

• Tachycardia 

total perenteral nutrition (TPN)

type of parenteral nutrition that provides complete nutrition

peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)

type of parenteral nutrition that is less concentrated; used for <2 weeks

central

parenteral nutrition MUST be administered through a ______ line.

2

parenteral nutrition requires ____ RNs to sign off.

sensory overload

Prevents brain from responding appropriately; no longer perceives the environment in a way that makes sense 

• Symptoms --> racing thoughts, scattered attention, restlessness, anxiety 

• Individualized response 

• Affects hospitalized pts 

• Reorientation and control of stimuli 

sundowning syndrome

the closer to evening and “sundown”, the more confused/agitated the pt becomes