Bio1 test 2

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell memebrane without losing energy

diffusion

The net movement of dissolved molecules or ions through carrier proteins or ion channels. rewuirs concetration gradient but not an input of energy

channel protein

a transmembrane protein with hydrophilic interior that provides a channel allowing diffusion of species that can’t cross the membrane

ion channel

memebrane proteins that allow the passage of ions through a phospolipid bylayer

Three conditions determining net movement of ions

relative concentration on either side of the membrane'

voltage difference across the membrane for the gated channels

the state of the gate opened or closed

solvent

medium in which solute dissovles

solute

the substance dissolved in the solvent

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

osmotic concentration

the concentration of all solutes ina solution

hypertonic

a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell (shrinks)

Hypotonic

when the solution has a lower concentration of solutes thant the cell

isotinc

cell and solvent have the same concentration of solute

aquipions

a membrane channel allows water to cross the membrane easier than in diffusion

osmotic pressure

potential pressure that is developed by solution spereated from water by a permeable membrane

active transport

pumping of molecules accross cellular mebrane from low onectration to high

role of energy

Atp is the form of energy required for active transport

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy

reduction

gain of an electron by an atom often with an associated with proton

oxidation

The loss of an electron by an atom or molecule. associated with the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

1st law of thermodynamics

energy can not be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

disorder (entropy) is more likely than order

entropy

a measure of randomness or disorder of a system. how much energy cant work anymore

exerginic reaction

chemical reaction where products contain less enervy than the reactants so free energy is released.

endergonic reaction

a reaction where products have more energy than reactants, so free energy must be put into the reaction from an outside source for it to proceed.

activation energy

energy must be processed by a molecule to undergo specific chemical reaction

ATP

energy currency. 5 carbon sugar adenine triphospate group

atp hydrolysis

energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP to supply energy needed for endergonic reactions

ATP cycle

sythnesized atp from adp+P, hydroluysis for energy. cycle continuer

substrate

A foundation to which organism attaches 2 molecules, on which enzyle acts

active site

area of the enzyems surface specifically substare binds to lowereing the activation energy required

enzyme

substrate complex

effect of temmperature and ph on enzyme activity

High temperature causes denaturing. low temp cause immoldibility

metabolism

sum of all chemical processes within living cells and organisms

anabolism

biological constructive art of metabolism, chemical reactions involved in biosynthesis.

catabolism

releases energy. metabolic reactions resultinf in breakddwon of complex molecuel into simpler ones

biochemical pathways

a sequence of chemical reactions where one becomes a substrate for the next

feedback inhibition

The control mechanism increases the concentration of some molecules. inhibits synthesis

autothrophs

organism builds organic molecules that it requires as won foood source use only inorhanic compound

heterotrophs

obtain energy by degrading other energy. derive energy by photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals, feed on other plants

cellular respiration

Harvest energy by oxidation, dependent on molecular oxygen. carried out by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

oxidation of glucose

cellular respiration is the complete oxidation of glucose