TB2: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy:

The science of body structures and the relationships between them

Dissection:

The careful cutting of body structures to study the relationships between them

Physiology:

The science of body functions

Developmental Biology:

The growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

Embryology:

The first eight weeks of growth and development after the fertilisation of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology.

Cell Biology:

Cellular structure and functions

Histology:

Microscopic structure of tissues

Gross Anatomy:

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

Systemic Anatomy:

Structures of specific systems of the body such as the respiratory and nervous systems.

Regional Anatomy:

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Surface (topographical) Anatomy:

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualisation and palpitation (gentle touch)

Imaging Anatomy:

Internal body structures that can be visualised with techniques such as x-ray, MRi, CT scans and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.

Clinical Anatomy:

The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Pathological Anatomy:

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

Molecular Physiology:

Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.

Neurophysiology:

Functional properties of nerve cells.

Endocrinology:

Hormones (chemical messengers in the blood) and how hey control body functions.

Cardiovascular Physiology:

Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

Immunology:

The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.

Respiratory Physiology:

Functions of the air passageways and lungs.

Renal Physiology:

Functions of the kidneys

Exercise Physiology:

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.

Pathophysiology:

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

Levels of Organisation (6)

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

Chemical Level of Organisation:

The very basic unit, which includes:

-Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can participate in chemical reactions.

-Molecules: two or more atoms joined together.

Cellular Level of Organisation:

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

Cells are the smallest living units in the human body.

Tissue Level of Organisation:

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to form a particular function.

There are four basic types in the body: Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Covers the body surface, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands

Connective Tissue:

Connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

Muscular Tissue:

Contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat.

Nervous Tissue:

Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

Organ Level of Organisation:

Different types of tissues are joied together. Structures that are coposed o ftwo or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have ditinct shapes.

System Level of Organisation:

Consists of related organs with a common function.

Organismal Level of Organisation:

Any living individual. All the parts of the huan body functioning together constitutes the total organism.

The Eleven Systems of the Human Body:

Integumentary System,

Skeletal System,

Muscular System,

Nervous System,

Endocrine System,

Cardiovascular System,

Lymphoid System and Immunity,

Respiratory System,

Digestive System,

Urinary System,

Genital (Reproductive) System,

Integumentary System: Components

Skin and associateed structures, such as hair, toenails and fingernails, sweat glands and oil glands.

Integumentary System: Functions

Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make Vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth and cold, stores fat, provides insulation.

Skeletal System: Components:

Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartliages.

Skeletal System: Functions:

Supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscular attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Muscular System: Components

Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually attaches to bone.

Muscular System: Functions

Participates in body movement, such as walking, maintains posture,, and is the major source of heat production.

Nervous System: Components:

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and special Sense Organs such as the eyes and ears

Nervous System: Functions:

Generates nerve impulses (action potentials) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environment, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Endocrine System: Components:

Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.

Cardiovascular System: Components:

Blood, Heart and Blood Vessels.

Cardiovascular System: Functions:

The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of bodily fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.