Anatomy & Physiology: Exam 1

Label the part of the cell

Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Label the part of the cell

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Label the part of the cell

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Label the part of the cell

Centriole(s)

Label the part of the cell

Lysosome

Label the part of the cell

Secretory vesicle

Label the part of the cell

Nuclear envelope

Label the part of the cell

Mitochondria

Label the part of the cell

Peroxisome

Label the part of the cell

Centrosome

Label the part of the cell

Nucleus

Label the part of the cell

Nucleolus

Label the part of the cell

Nuclear pores

Label the part of the cell

Cytosol

Label the part of the cell

Ribosome(s)

Label the part of the cell

Golgi complex

Label 1

Cranial cavity

Label 2

Vertebral cavity

Label 3

Thoracic cavity

Label 4

Diaphragm

Label 5

Abdominal cavity

Label 6

Pelvic cavity

Label 7

Mediastinum

Label 8

Abdominopelvic cavity

Layers of the lungs (in to out)

1- Visceral pleural membrane
2- Parietal pleural membrane

Layers of the heart (in to out)

1- Endocardium
2- Myocardium
3- Epicardium

Right

Dexter

Left

Sinister

Proximal is the ___

Beginning

Distal is the ___

End

List the levels of organization

Atoms, molecules, organelles, smooth muscle cells, smooth muscle tissue, organs, organ system, organism

What differentiates organs?

They are made up of at least 2 different types of tissue

The purpose of the digestive system

Take in nutrients, break them down, and eliminate unabsorbed matter (feces)

The purpose of the respiratory system

Take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

The purpose of the cardiovascular system

Distribute oxygen and nutrients via the blood to all body cells and deliver waste and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

The purpose of the urinary system

Eliminate nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

The purpose of the integumentary system

Protect the body as a whole from the external environment

What comprises the integumentary system?

Hair, skin, nails

What comprises the skeletal system?

Bones, joints

What comprises the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles

What comprises the nervous system?

Brain, nerves, spinal cord

What comprises the endocrine system?

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary/testis

What comprises the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels

What comprises the lymphatic system?

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

What comprises the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung

What comprises the digestive system?

Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

What comprises the urinary system?

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethera

What comprises the male reproductive system?

Prostate, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum

What comprises the female reproductive system?

Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina

Elements of A feedback system are:

Stimulus, receptor, input, control center, output, effector, response

The purpose of a negative feedback system:

To maintain homeostasis, the variable should change in a direction opposite to the initial change. (Returning to ideal value)

EXAMPLES of a negative feedback system

Overheating, fever

The control center

Hypothalamus

The purpose of a positive feedback center

To enhance the original stimulus to magnify further responses. The change results in a direction that is the same as the stimulus.

EXAMPLES of a positive feedback system

A cut, childbirth

Right hypochondriac organ(s)

liver, gallbladder

Epigastric organ(s)

stomach

Left hypochondriac organ(s)

diaphragm, spleen

Right lateral organ(s)

ascending colon

Umbilical organ(s)

transverse colon, small intestine

Left lateral organ(s)

Descending colon

Right inguinal organ(s)

cecum, appendix

Pubic organ(s)

Urinary

Left inguinal organ(s)

sigmoid colon

Solution

particles are very tiny and do not settle or spread light (mineral water)

Colloid

particles are larger and scatter light (jello)

Suspension

particles are very large, may settle, and spread light (blood)

Ion

An atom with a positive or negative charge created by the gain or loss of electrons

Isotope

Atoms that have the same amount of protons and electrons however, have a differing amount of neutrons

Three types of bonds

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Covalent bonds

Are the strongest. Form when electrons are shared either equally or unequally (H2O)

Ionic bonds

Are formed when electrons are lost/gained (NaCl)

Hydrogen bonds

Intramolecular bonds formed when hydrogen bonds (already covalently linked to another atom) are attracted to another atom.

Types of chemical reactions are

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

A synthesis reaction

small particles bond together to make more complex molecules (amino acids into proteins)

Decomposition reaction

larger molecules are broken to create smaller, less complex molecules (glycogen into glucose molecules)

Exchange reaction

bonds are both made and broken (ATP and glucose into ADP and glucose-phosphate)

Decomposition underlies all ___ processes in body cells

catabolic

Acid

a substance that releases hydrogen ions

Base

a substance that accepts hydrogen ions

pH represents

how acidic or basic a substance is

pH scale (high to low)

alkalic/basic, 7 is neutral, acidic

EXAMPLE of an acidic bodily fluid

HCl in your stomach to digest food and kill microbes

EXAMPLE of a alkalic bodily fluid

pancreatic juice to neutralize stomach acid before entering small intestine

A hypertonic solution

Has HIGHER solute concentration outside of the cell

A hypotonic solution

Has LOWER solute concentration outside of the cell

An isotonic solution

has the SAME solute concentration inside and outside of the cell

The percentage of water in blood/plasma is __ %

99.1

all epithelial tissue is ___

avascular

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

Simple squamous epithelium, found in alveoli and is the innermost lining of blood vessels

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

simple cuboidal epithelium, found in the thyroid and kidneys

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

non ciliated simple columnar, small intestine

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

ciliated simple columnar, trachea or fallopian tubes

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

hyaline cartilage, trachea

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, top layer of the skin

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

neuron, brain or spinal cord

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

adipose tissue, subcutaneous fat

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

compact bone, all bones

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

dense regular connective tissue, tendons and ligaments

1- what do you see
2- where can it be found

dense irregular connective tissue, dermis of skin