CH. 12 adulthood and the family

Adulthood begins at?

18 years; Growth and development continue through the life span

Young Adulthood 18-35y

Achievement stage (schaie)

Middle Adulthood 35-65y

Responsibility stage, executive stage (schaie)

Older adulthood

65-death

Achievement stage Young Adults

Needing to learn and successfully use your abilities- a time of optimism. Continuing to learn and prove competency

Responsibility stage Middle Adults

Concerned with real-life problems, in change of self and others (job, family,community)

Executive substage Middle Adults

Responsible for major corporations or the country (multiple responsibilities)

Erikson Young Adult Intimacy vs Isolation

Want to give themselves and to be committed to others

Erikson Middle Adult Generativity vs Stagnation

Willing and eager to help young people, their own children and grandchildren, and others in their community

Families

-A group of individuals who care about and for each other

-Provide structure in which children learn basic values and how to relate to others

-Remain important throughout the lifespan

Functions of the Family Physical maintenance

Providing life's essentials

Functions of the Family Protection

Creating atmosphere for health and safety

Functions of the Family Nurturance

Providing loving care and guidance

Functions of the Family Socialization

Interacting with others

Functions of the Family Education

teaching about values and the world

Functions of the Family Reproduction

Continuing the species

Functions of the Family Recreation

Having fun together

Functions of the FamilySupport

Helping and caring for each other

Nuclear Family

One or two parents and children

Extended family

Parents, Children, Grandparents, and other relatives

Step families

One parent and Children and a parent by marriage

Single parent

woman or man in a separate household with children because of divorce, death, desertion, or individual preferences

Blended family

Mother her children, Father his children

Cohabitation family

Couples who live together with their children but remain unmarried

Partner

Parents are same gender; children are from previous relationships, artificial insemination, or adoption

Foster parent

temporary adult caregiver providing for children's care, while waiting for child to be adopted or for natural parent situation to improve

Adopted

Caregiver obtaining legal guardianship over children and becoming parents

Historical changes in families Urbanization

rural families were self sufficient and lived on farms; now only a small percentage of the population does so.

Historical changes in families Mobility

Families move with the job market; children may attend multiple schools, which affects extended families

Historical changes in families Size

is decreasing, affected by cost and contraception

Historical changes in families Using paid caregivers

Nearly 70% of families have two wage earners; most single parents are employed

Historical changes in families Fathers roles

Men taking an increasing role in parenting and child care

Historical changes in families Increased longevity

Life spans increasing; some families comprise four or five living generations

Divorce and families

-50% of total marriages end in divorce each year

-Divorce early in the marriage, prior to having children, is the least harmful

-Children may be deeply affected; some may feel to blame for breakup and often feel guilty

-Divorce affects the couple and children but may also affect the extended family

Risk factors for divorce

-Bride and groom younger than 20 years of age

-Low economic circumstances

-Premarital Pregnancy

-Children from a previous marriage

-Either partner has been divorced

-Knowing each other for a short time

-One or both did not finish high school

-No religious affiliations or different faiths

-One or both have divorced parents

Millennials now outnumber the?

Baby boomers and make up over one quarter of the US population

The decade after high school is a

transition time

Major events in young adulthood

-Achieving economic independence

-Making decisions independently

Growing toward maturity with philosophy of life based on

belief system and personal ethics

Behaviors indicating maturity

Ability to:

-Acknowledge and express feeling with restraints

-Laugh at yourself

-Accept responsibility

-Tolerate Frustration

-Accept diversity

-Trust others

-Display self-confidence

-Cope with stress

-Discipline yourself

-Handle problems without losing sight of your goals

Physical Development Young Adult

-Strength, Endurance, and energy are at high levels-at physical peak

-Skeletal development complete

-Dental maturity complete

-Physical and brain growth peak in the 20's

-Physically the best years for reproduction are 19 to 26

-Sexual preferences identified

Health concerns for young adults risky behavior

-Chemical abuse

-Overeating

-Inadequate sleep

-Inactive Lifestyle

-Sexual Promiscuity

Motor vehicle accidents primary cause of death in

white males

Homicide is the leading cause of death in

African-American males

Stress related illness in Young Adults

Headaches, gastric ulcers, hypertension

Development of cancer in young adults

Women in their 20's and 30's should have a breast examination every 3 years by a health care provider and a screening mammogram annually starting at age 45 or age 40 if desired, then every 2 years after age 55 as long as the woman remains in good health

Women should have an annual...

Pap smear to screen for cervical cancer

Some providers recommend that men perform

monthly self testicular examination beginning at age 15

Annual __________ _________ are encouraged

Physical examinations

Cognitive development Young adults

-Intelligence applied to higher education and career development

-Young adults more able to reason, solve problems, and set reasonable goals

-Cognitive development is aided by support of others

Continuing education Young adults

-Higher education can help people understand their world, learn to manage their time, and prepare for a career

-One or two years of higher education, even if career goals unclear, can help young adults learn more about themselves and the world

Careers and work Young adults

-Ability to earn a living important accomplishment

-Gives sense of identity; increases self worth and respect

-Career vs. family may cause conflict

Young adults want work to be...

-Interesting and pay adequately

-Use their skills

-Provide the opportunity for advancement

Psychosocial Development Young Adults

-Independence from parents

-May become boomerang children

-Intimacy vs Isolation

-Personality continues to develop

Developmental Task Marriage

-Whether to marry is a major concern in young adulthood

-Requires mutual respect, sharing, and commitment

-Fear of making a poor choice is one reason people decide to cohabit before or instead of marrying

Developmental tasks Single adults

-Independent with their time and money

-Responsible for their own decisions

-Many report loneliness

Developmental tasks Parenting

-Becoming a parent occurs for many people during young adulthood

-Some women delay having children in favor of career development

-Childbearing is only the beginning of parenting

Developmental tasks Home management

Tasks in making life run smoothly need regular attention

Developmental tasks Developing a social group

Friendships beyond the extended family valuable

Developmental tasks Community responsibility

Reach beyond one needs; concerned with others

Middle Adulthood

Ages 46 to 64 years

-Viewed as the best years of life

-Viewed as leaders

-Expansion of social and personal development

-May be reluctant to admit to being middle aged

Weight Distribution Middle Adulthood

-Changes apparent in middle years

-Middle adults often seek ways to slow aging

-Weight redistribution

--Men add to waist

--Women add to hip and thighs

-Presbyopia, presbycusis

-Menopause, decreased libido

-Graying hair, thinning skin

Health Concerns Middle Adult

-Those who take care of themselves are generally healthier than those who do not.

-Screening for diabetes, heart disease, HTN, colon cancer at regular intervals,

Leading causes of death in 50's and 60's

Heart disease

Cancer

Chronic lower respiratory disease

Accidents

Strokes

Major health problems in Middle Adults include

Accidents, alcohol abuse

Obesity, diabetes

Heart disease

HTN

Mental illness

Middle Age Cognitive development

-Early signs of illnesses may cause the impression of light mental declines

-People who are active and use their intellect remain bright and interested in life

-Middle adults often need to work harder at remembering things

Work Life Middle Adult

-Satisfaction with work part of cognitive development

-Increased income and responsibilities accompanying career growth explain increases satisfaction

-Adults may make a conscious decision to make a midlife career change

-Middle adults forced to make changes may have a difficult time adjusting

Lifelong Learning Middle Adult

-Many adults discover that returning to college is rewarding and challenging

-Education may fulfill lifelong goal, it may be to keep a job, or it may be to prepare for a career change

-Women who chose to raise a family are especially likely to prepare for new jobs

Marriages Middle Adult

-Some improve as children leave home and child rearing responsibilities lessen

-A couple who has been unhappy for years may decide to divorce when the children are gone

-Changing roles and responsibilities can create or intensify marital problems

-Empty nest syndrome

Empty nest syndrome

-Children have gone

-Causing a sense of loss and sadness

-Affects some who have entered their lives on their children

Friendships Middle Adult

-Need for close friends in middle adulthood

-New importance in relationships with siblings

Parenting Middle adult

-Middle adults gain satisfaction in realizing that their child is responsible young adults

-Grandchildren add another dimension to the family

-Grandparents usually enjoy baby sitting and inclusion in the younger family's life

Middle adults "sandwich" generation

-Care for dependent children at home and aging parents who need caregiving

-May be a cause for increased stress

Daughter and daughters in law often become

primary caregivers for elderly parents

Generativity vs Stagnation

-Concerned for other and want to contribute

-through social activities, leadership roles in community/religious organizations, career

-Mentors (teachers or coaches) to younger adults

-Accept that life is not simple and that they cannot control very much in it