Lec 15 - Animal Diversity

What is a heterotroph?

Living things that eat other things for sustinance.

What are somatic and gamete cells?

Somatic - diploid body cells

Gamete - haploid sex cells

What are the three major types of body symmetry?

1) Asymmetrical: no pattern of symmetry
2) Radial symmetry: symmetric in a circle
3) Bilateral symmetry: cut down the middle and have two mirror pieces

Difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Protostomes - mouth first development
Deuterostomes - anus first development

What phylum do sponges fall under? What type of digestion do they have?

Phylum Porfiera

Intracellular digestion - digestion of foods inside of choanocytes

How do sponges reproduce?

Sexually:

spawning - eggs remain in sponge, sperm get released into water

Asexually:

budding - a part of an existing sponge breaks off and becomes a duplicate
fragmentation - an outgrowth of a sponge eventually detaches
gemmules - cluster of cells surrounded by tough outer layer

What animals fall under phylum cnidaria? What are the cells specific to them called? What are the two distinct body plans for them? What are distinct features all animals in this phylum possess?

1) Jellyfish

2) Cnidocytes, which contain stinging cells called nematocysts

3) Polyp or Medusa

4)

• Mesoglea - non-living jelly substance between 2 tissue layers in all cnidaria

• distinct cells, but no organs

• primitive nervous system

• gastrovascular cavity - enzymes secrete into cavity to digest food

What is cephelization?

The evolution of a concentration of nervous tissues and sensory organs in the head region of the organism.

What is Phylum Platyhelminthes? What are their key features? What are the 3 different classes?

1) Flatworms
2)

• simple digestive system with one opening

• no circulatory or respiratory system

• hermaphroditic

• asexual reproduction

3) Planarians, Flukes, and Tapeworms

What animal is in the phylum Nematoda? What are their key features?

1) Roundworms

2)

• Cuticle - flexible exoskeleton

• Ecdysis - the shedding of the cuticle

• complete digestive systems

  • mainly separate sexes, some are hermaphrodites

What animals are in phylum Arthropoda? What are key features?

1) Insects
2)

• segmentation of the body and jointed appendages

• exoskeleton made of chitin

• ecdysis - shedding of exoskeleton

• segments fuse to create functional sections

• more developed body systems

What animals fall under phylum mollusk? What are their key features?

1) Snail, clam, slugs
2)

• foot - locomotion

• visceral mass - most of the organs

• mantle - flap of tissue over visceral mass where shell forms

• radula - scaping tongue

What animals fall under phylum annelida? What are some key features?

1) Earthworms and leeches
2)

• chaetae - hair like extensions

• cuticle

• well developed body system

• clitellum - ring structure that help with mating

What animals fall under phylum echinodermata? What are key features?

1) Star fish, sea urchin, and sea dollar
2)

• water-vascular system: system for gas exchange

• calcium carbonate exoskeleton

What animals fall under the phylum Chordata? What are key features?

1) Any vertebrate
2)

• notochord - vertebral column

• dorsal hollow nerve cord - brain and spinal cord

• pharyngeal slits - openings in the pharynx that opens to outside environment

• post-anal tail

What are lateral lines?

Sensory organs that help fish detect movement and changes in water

What are the three different groups of fish? What are lateral lines?

1) Bony, Cartilaginous, Jawless
2) sensory organ that detects movement and vibration

What is an operculum? What is a swim bladder?

1) protective cover over the gills

2) Gas-filled organ that is used to regulate the buoyancy of fish