AP World Final Exam Vocabulary

Abbasid caliphate

The Islamic caliphate of the "Islamic Golden Age," based in Baghdad, acted as a mayor center for trade, culture, and science.

Mamluks

Turkic slave-soldiers who served the Abbasid Caliphate and eventually established their own sultanate in Egypt.

Turkic States

established by nomadic peoples and dominated the Islamic heartland after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Shi'a Islam

minority branch of Islam that believes that the leader of Islam may only be a descendant of Muhammad.

Sunni Islam

majority branch of Islam that believes the successor to Muhammad can be selected by community consensus.

Hinduism

Polytheistic religion originating in India, beliefs in Karma, dharma, reincarnation, and the ultimate goal of liberation.

Reincarnation

religious belief that the soul is reborn into a new life

Karma

an individuals intentional actions determine their status, caste, and quality of life in future reincarnations.

Caste System

rigid hereditary social hierarchy in India with limited social mobility.

Confucianism

philosophy in China emphasizes social harmony, hierarchy, moral order.

Filial piety

Confucian values emphasizing respect, obedience, and care for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.

Mandate of Heaven

justifies the emperor's right to rule based on divinities.

Song Dynasty

Revived Confucianism, economic prosperity, and technological innovation.

Champa Rice

Fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice in China from Vietnam.

Feudalism

decentralized political system in which lords give vassals land in exchange for military service.

serfdom

peasants are legally bound to the land they worked.

Manorialism

economic system where manors were managed by lords and worked by serfs.

Inca Empire

South American centralized, bureaucratic state w/ mit'a labor system, terrace agriculture, and road network.

Mit'a System

public labor system in Inca Empire as tax tribute.

Angkor Wat

a temple complex in Cambodia, Symbolizes Khmer imperial power.

Trans-Saharan Trade

network of caravan routes crossing the Sahara desert, connecting West Africa W/ North Africa and Mediterranean.

Caravan

group of travelers, merchants, or pilgrims journeying together for safety and support for long-distance trade.

Caravanserai

rest stop along major trade routes providing shelter and facilitating cultural exchange.

Mali Empire

West African Islamic state that flourished due to its control of trans-saharan trade in gold and salt

Songhai Empire

West African state, succeeding Mali, with key Islamic cities like Timbuktu and resources like gold + salt.

Timbuktu

in Mali, trading city as a center of commerce, Islamic scholarship, and culture.

Indian Ocean Trade

maritime network connecting East Africa, the Middle East, S Asia, and SE Asia.

Monsoon winds

seasonal wind patterns across the Indian Ocean.

Swahili Coast

East African coast involved in maritime trade.

Diasporic community

migrants maintain identities in new places.

Silk Roads

trade network across the land of Asia.

Mongol Empire

largest land empire in history, established Pax Mongolica

Khanate

regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire.

Pax Mongolica

period of relative stability and economic growth during Mongol rule.

Bubonic Plague

Pandemic via fleas and rodents, Killed 1/2-1/3 of European population.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim traveler, journeyed across the Muslim world.

Zheng He

Chinese Admiral during Ming dynasty, led naval expeditions to establish Chinese dominance.

Ming Dynasty

restored Han Chinese rule after Mongol Yuan dynasty.

Gunpowder Empires

used gunpowder to expand and consolidate power.

Ottoman Empire

Sunni Islamic gunpowder empire founded by Turk tribes.

Safavid Empire

Shi'a Islamic gunpowder empire in Iran.

Mughal Empire

Sunni Islamic gunpowder empire in India.

Devshirme

Ottoman system converting Christian boys to Islam and turning them into bureaucrats and elite soldiers.

Janissaries

elite soldiers for the Ottoman sultan.

Monumental Architecture

built to signify and legitimize power and religion.

Suleymaniye Mosque

Ottoman mosque for Suleiman the Magnificent.

Shah Abbas

leader of Safavid Empire who revitalized the state.

Battle of Panipat

military engagements in N India marking the start of the Mughal Empire.

Tax Farming

auction the right to tax in the Ottoman Empire

Religious tolerance

accepting diverse religious beliefs.

religious syncretism

merging different religions to form a new one.

Sufism

mystical branch of Islam emphasizing personal experience

Protestant Reformation

aimed to reform Catholic Corruption with a split.

Jesuits

Resisted Protestant Reformation by spreading catholicism.

Maritime Empires

established power through naval exploration, trading posts, and colonization.

Mercantilism

goal to obtain the limited wealth in the world.

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, tech, ideas, and culture between the New and Old world.

Smallpox

spread to Americas by Colombian Exchange, killed 40% of Indigenous populations.

conquistadors

Spanish explorers who conquered territory in the Americas.

Dominican friars

catholic missionaries

Atlantic slave trade

Africans transported to Americas for enslaved plantation labor.

Middle Passage

forced voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas

Plantation economy

large scale agricultural operations w/ cash crops.

Cash crop

grown for profit or exports

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system, Forced indigenous labor in exchange for protection and Christian conversion.

Creoles

people of full European descent born in the Americas.

Mestizos

mixed European and Indigenous descent

Mulattoes

mixed African and European ancestry

Enlightenment

emphasized reason, individualism, and scientific analysis.

Natural Rights

inalienable rights that all individuals possess by nature.

Popular sovereignty

Political authority resides in the people, not monarchs.

Abolition movement

to end slavery and the slave trade.

Olympe de Gouges

feminist, wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women…

Simón Bolivar

led independence movements in Latin America

José Maria Morelos

led the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish.

Haitian Revolution

anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement against French.

Nationalism

loyalty to ones nation.

Nation state

sovereign, territorially bound political entity

Liberalism

emphasizes individual rights, civil liberties, and a constitutional govt.

Imperialism

a state extends its power, influence and authority over other territories.

Colonialism

aquiring control over territories to exploit economically.

Settler Colony

foreign settlers migrate to a colony to live there permanently

Social Darwinism

natural selection justified religion, wealth inequality, and imperialism.

Scramble for Africa

partition and colonization of Africa by European powers.

Berlin conference

European powers met to negotiate and partition Africa.

Civilizing Mission

moral duty to impose themselves on "backwards" societies

Cultural assimilation

where a minority loses their culture to a majority.

Anticolonialism

aimed to end European colonial rule and gain independence.

Indentured servitude

people signed a contract to work for travel and shelter.

Trans oceanic migration

massive movement of people across oceans.

Urbanization

population goes from rural to cities b/c of modernization.

Total War

nations mobilize all people and resources to contribute to war efforts.

Treaty of Versailles

treaty ending ww1, imposed huge punishment on Germany.

Great Depression

global economic decline- unemploment, trade collapse

Five-Year Plans

govt. directed economic initiatives in Russia by Stalin.

Fascism

ideology prioritizing nation over individual nights.

Genocide

mass murder of a specific race/group

Holocaust

systematic killing of Jews in Germany during WW2

Decolonization

colonies gained independence from European powers.

Point of View

perspective, bias, or view point of a documents creator, influenced by their identity, background, and historical context