psych 1101 final

creativity

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

divergent thinking

expancts the number of possible problem solutions

volitional daydreaming

purposeful mind wandering

solitude

avoiding distractions; giving the mind space and time to make new connections and finding meaning

focused attention meditation

focus on one thing, such as the breath, and return to it when distracted

open monitoring meditation

pay attention to whatever comes up and follow it until the next thing

sternberg

psychologist believes you need expertise, imaginative thinking skills, ‘venturesome personality’, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment to be creative

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem but may take longer time and energy

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy — mental shortcut — that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently (speedier but more error prone)

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

insight

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions

emotions

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

emotions

these do not reside in any location in the brain; no single way to measure it and difficult to describe

feelings

studied scientifically through measurement of reported closeness of one feeling to another

valence

positive vs. negative

arousal

calmness vs excitement

cannon-bard theory

proposes arousal and emotion occur simultaneously

schachter-singer theory

general arousal + conscious cognitive label = emotion

zajonc-ledoux theory

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal

cognitive appraisal

defining emotion, sometimes without awareness

cognitive low road

neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex

facial feedback effect

emotional espressions can cause the emotional

behavior feedback effect

display rules

norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression

intensification

exaggerating emotional expression

deintensification

muting emotional expression

masking

expressing one emotion while feeling another

neutralizing

no expression of the emotion one is feeling, keeping a “poker face”; sincere expressions may “leak out”

polygraph

lie detector measures emotion-linked autonomic arousal

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

metacognition

cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test, according to Spearman and others

fluid intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during adulthood

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

cattel-horn-carroll theory (CHC)

the theory that our intelligence is based on general intelligence (g) as well as specific abilities, bridged by fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc)

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

analytical, creative, practical

sternberg’s three intelligences

analytical intelligence

intelligence assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer — predicts school grades reasonably well and vocational success more modestly

creative intelligence

intelligence that is demonstrated in innovative smarts: the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas

practical intelligence

intelligence that is required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and may have multiple solutions

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

TIPI personality categorizations (OCEAN)

psychopathy

personality describing impulsive, emotionally cold, remorseless, and inapproriate (or lack of) emotional expression

machiavellianism

personality type described with traits of manipulation, self-interest, and domineering, dominant

narcissism

personality type described by gradniosity, perceived superioritym entitlement, and focuses on self in conversation

syndrome

a collection of symptoms

psychological disorders

syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior; dysfunctional or maladaptive thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that interfere with day-to-day quality of life

biopsychosocial approach

emphasizes that the mind and body are inseparable and suggests varied disorders may share underlying dynamic while differing in symptoms manifested in a particular culture

vulnerability-stress model

model that assumes that individual dispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders

signs

objectively observed indicators of disorder

symptoms

subjectively reported behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

DSM-5-TR

the system that helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research, but may not accurately capture some disorders such as antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder; categorizations may be subbjective

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

anxiety disorders

these fall under this category: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD

social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations; may involve palpitations, tremors, blushing, and sweating when giving a presentation, taking an exam, meeting an authority figure, fearing embarrassment or rejection

specific phobias

person consumed by a persisten, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation; avoidance of triggers

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

symptoms include excessive anxiety and worry, fatigue, restlessness, increased muscle aches and soreness, impaired concentration, irritability, or difficulty sleeping

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal; excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for 6 months or more; free-floating anxiety

panic disorder

person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike; recurs for 3 percent

panic disorder

symptoms include terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; higher suicidal thoughts or attempts; agoraphobia

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by unwanted and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

obsessive thoughts

unwanted thoughts that are intrusive and persistent

compulsive behaviors

rituals or repetitive responses to obsessive thoughts

posttraumatic stress disorder

recurring vivid, distressing memories and nightmares; often laser-focused attention on possible threats, social withdrawal, and jumpy anxiety; lingering for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares/insomnia and hypervigilance, avoidance/social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety/numbness; may appear for 4 or more weeks after traumatic event

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which symptoms take somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

classical conditioning

research in this topic helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues

stimulus generalization

research in this topic demonstrates how a fear-provoking

biology

gene variations are associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms or specific disorders; gene influence is found in regulating brain level of neurotransmitters (seratonin, glutamate)

suicide

intentional self-inflicted death; 10th leading cause of death in the US (2nd for 15-24 year olds)

nonfatal suicide attempt

potential harmful behavior with some intention of dying; higher incidence than suicide deaths

mood disorders

mental disorders with mood disturbances as their main features

anxiety

response to threat of future loss

depression

response to past and current stress

major depressive disorder

feelings of hopelessness and lethargy lasting several weeks or months

bipolar disorder

feelings alternate between depression and overexcited hyperactivity over a period of weeks

depression

the leading cause of disability worldwide (#1 reason why mental health services are sought)

aaron beck

psychologist noted dysfunctional attitudes and negative mood states in individuals who were depressed

helplessness theory

creativity

clusters of genes associated with this increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions; more socially and self-aware

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance (capacity to learn)