Eyes Section (General Diagnosis)

What can scaly eyebrows indicate?

Seborrhea

What can loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow indicate?

Myxedema; quantitative loss is normal with age

What is Adie’s pupil?

Sluggish pupillary reaction to light that is unilateral and caused by a parasympathetic lesion of CN 3

What is Anisocoria?

Unequal pupil size

What is Argyll Robertson?

Bilaterally small and irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light; seen with syphilis (prostitutes pupil)

What is arroyo sign?

Sluggish pupillary reaction due to hypo-adrenalism (Addison’s disease)

What is Blepharitis?

Inflammation of the eyelid seen with seborrhea, staph infection, and inflammatory process

What are cataracts?

Opacities seen in the lens that are commonly seen with diabetes and in the elderly; also has an absent red light reflex

What is a chalazion?

An infection of the meibomian gland causing a nodule which points inside the lid

What should normal conjunctiva look like?

Pink

What does an individual with anemia conjunctiva look like?

Pale

What does an individual with an infection conjunctiva look like?

Bright red

What is corneal arcus?

Grayish opaque ring around the cornea

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Affects the veins more than arteries and presents with microaneurysms, hard exudates, and neovascularization

What is ectropion?

Lid is turned outward; most commonly seen in the elderly

What is entropion?

Lid is turned inward; most commonly seen in the elderly

What is exophthalmosis?

Lid lag/failure to cover the eyeball; can be seen with graves (bilateral) or tumor (unilateral)

What is a glaucoma?

Increased intraocular pressure causing cupping of the optic disc (cup to disc ratio is >1:2); pt will notice blurring of their vision especially in the peripheral fields as well as rings around lights; crescent sign will be present upon tangential lighting of the cornea

What is a hordoleum (sty)?

An infection of the sebaceous glands causing a pimple or boil on the eyelid

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

Ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis on the same side as an interruption to the cervical sympathetics

What is hypertensive retinopathy?

Damage to the retinal vessels/background will shoe these signs (copper wire deformity, silver wire deformity A-V nicking, flame hemorrhages, and cotton wool soft exudates

What is internal ophthalmoplegia?

Dilated pupils with ptosis and lateral deviation; doesn’t react to light or accommodation; multiple sclerosis

What is iritis/uveitis?

inflammation of the iris (colored portion of the eye) seen with ankylosing spndylitis

What is macular degeneration?

Most common reason for blindness in the elderly, central vision lost, macular Drusen is an early sign of macular degeneration (yellow deposits under the retina)

What is miosis?

Fixed and constricted pupils that react to light and accommodate; seen with severe brain damage, pilocarpine medications, and narcotic use

What is mydriasis?

Dilated and fixed pupils seen with anticholinergic drugs (atropine/mushrooms/death)

What is papilledema aka Choked disc?

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure; no visual loss (visual loss with optic neuritis); may be seen with a brain tumor or brain hemorrhage

What is preorbital edema?

Swelling around the eye seen with allergies, myxedema and nephrotic syndrome (HEP)

What is pinquecula?

A yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva that is harmless and indicates aging

What is pterygium?

Triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows across the cornea and is brought on by dry eyes

What is ptosis?

Dropping of the eyelid, seen with conditions such as Horner’s, CN 3 paralysis, Myasthenia gravis, Multiple sclerosis

What is retinal detachment?

Painless sudden onset of blindness described as curtains closing over vision; lighting flashes and floaters are seen prior to visual loss

What should a normal sclera look like?

White

What does an individual with jaundice sclera look like?

Yellow

What does an individual with osteogenesis imperfecta sclera look like?

Blue

What is xanthelasma?

Fatty plaques on the nasal surface of the eyelids that may be normal or indicates hypercholesterolemia

What is emmetropia?

Normal vision

What is myopia?

Nearsighted

What is hyperopia?

Farsighted

What is presbyopia?

Loss of lens elasticity due to aging

What does direct light reflex test?

CN 2 and CN 3

What does consensual light reflex test?

CN 2 and CN 3

What does swinging light test?

CN 2, CN 3, and eye pathology

What does accommodation test?

CN 2 and CN 3

What is tested with the Snellen chart?

Visual acuity

What does Cardinal fields of gaze test?

CN 3, 4, 7 (SO4LR6)