07/08 Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Review

Bones of the Nasal cavity

Nasal bones, vomer, ethmoid bone with perpendicular plate, sphenoid, maxilla hard palate, and palatine bone.

Nasal Septum

is made up of Hyaline cartilage

Paranasal sinuses

Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxillary Sinus

Naris (e)

nostril

upper respiratory tract

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and superior margin of the larynx

lower respiratory tract

larynx, bronchi, lungs

respiratory division

alveoli and other gas-exchange regions such as the bloodstream through the alveolar wall

Chonchae

Superior, Middle and Inferior nasal conchae

Vestibule

just inside the nostril, lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Vibrissae

hairs in the nose that block some of the inhaled debris

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx epithelium

Most of the nasal cavity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx epithelium

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, passageway for food, fluid and air.

Goblet cells (A)

produce protective mucus

oropharynx (2)

from the soft palate to the epiglottis

laryngopharynx (3)

from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage

epiglottis

closes the airway and directs food and drink into the posterior esophagus

thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)

called the laryngeal prominence

Trachea

located posterior to the sternum

Esophagus

located posterior to the trachea

sternum

located anterior to the trachea and esophagus

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

made up of hyaline cartilage

Cardiac notch

indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart

Right lung

Has three lobes: superior, middle, inferior. Horizontal and Oblique fissure

Left lung

has 2 lobes: superior and inferior. Only oblique fissure

primary bronchus (6)

Main bronchus leading to each lung.

secondary (lobar) bronchus

Paired branches of main bronchus: Left one has two, and right lung has three

tertiary (segmental) bronchus

Last segment of the bronchioles

Alveoli sac

alveoli

Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

Squamous (type I) alveolar type

simple squamous epithelial cell that forms the walls of the alveoli of the lungs

cuboidal great (type II) alveolar cells

5%, function to repair type I cells and secrete surfactant

surfactant

prevents alveoli from collapsing when one exhales

Diaphram

a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

inhalation

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, thoracic cavity increases volume thus decreasing pressure. Air flows in, raises the ribs and pushes the sternum out. Air moves into the lungs when pressure inside of the lungs is lower than the pressure of the atmosphere.

exhalation

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, thoracic cavity decreases volume thus increasing pressure. air flows out, sternum and ribs move inward and up. Air moves out of the lungs when pressure inside of the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. Air always moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.