Drug Therapy and Diabetes Management

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to drug therapy, fluid management, and diabetes management, as noted in the lecture.

Diuretics

Medications that decrease reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water, increasing urine output.

Hyperglycemia

Condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, typically defined as fasting blood sugar ≥ 126 mg/dL.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

An autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic cells, requiring insulin for management.

Loop Diuretics

A class of diuretics, including furosemide and bumetanide, effective in emergent situations such as renal failure.

Thiazide Diuretics

A class of diuretics that require adequate urine flow for effectiveness, commonly used in hypertension and heart failure.

Potassium-sparing Diuretics

Diuretics like spironolactone that spare potassium while promoting sodium excretion, useful in heart failure.

Osmotic Diuretics

Medications such as mannitol that draw water into the bloodstream and are used to reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure.

Insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas used to lower blood glucose levels, administered in various formulations including rapid and long-acting insulins.

Sulfonylureas

Class of oral antidiabetics that stimulate insulin secretion from functional beta cells.

Biguanides

Medications like metformin that reduce glucose production by the liver and improve insulin sensitivity.

Incretin hormones

Hormones that stimulate insulin secretion in response to meals, involved in glucose metabolism.

Antihistamines

Medications that block histamine receptors to alleviate allergic reactions; includes first and second generation types.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Medications like omeprazole that inhibit gastric acid secretion, commonly used in the treatment of PUD and GERD.

Mucolytics

Drugs that liquefy and loosen mucus, making it easier to expel; includes acetylcysteine for cystic fibrosis.

Hyponatremia

A condition marked by low sodium levels in the blood, frequently a side effect of diuretics.

Hypoglycemia

Condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, with symptoms including hunger, sweating, and confusion.

Antitussives

Medications that suppress the cough reflex, commonly used to treat non-productive coughs.

SGLT2 Inhibitors

A class of medications that prevent glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting glucose excretion in urine.