Bio Exam 3 combined set

Bio Exam 3 combined set

What bodily function is peristalsis a part of?

Digestion

Insulin, glycogen, and glucagon are a part of which feedback control system?

Negative Feedback

What sources of fuel will a human body use for energy?

Carbohydrates, fats, protein…in that order.

What starts the process of digestion?

Chewing, mechanical break down of food in mouth.

What are the three essential nutrients?

Essential amino acids, Vitamins, Minerals

What are the main stages of food processing?

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination (IDAE)

What are the rhythmic waves of digestive contractions called?

Peristalsis

Where would arteries tend to be thickest?

Near the heart due to the pressure needed to pump the heart.

What is responsible for gas exchange in animals with an open circulatory system?

Hemolymph

What are some differences between open and closed circulatory systems?

Closed: blood confined to vessels, distinct from interstitial fluid; Open: no distinction.

What is cardiac output?

The volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per minute.

What are the advantages of a 4-chambered heart?

Separate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are part of which system?

Circulatory

What animals have closed circulatory systems?

All vertebrates, annelid worms.

Which animals have open circulatory systems?

Arthropods are the best example.

What are the sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?

Capillaries

True or False: There are animals with oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixed in the heart.

True

True or False: In a four-chambered heart, oxygen-rich blood is pumped on the right side of the heart.

False

What is the importance of valves in the heart?

Prevents backflow.

Where does blood get oxidized?

Capillaries of the lungs.

Where does oxygen-poor blood enter the heart?

Right atrium.

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus.

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins (FSH, LH).

What is the difference between tropic and nontropic hormones?

Tropic: trigger hormone production and secretion of other endocrine glands; Nontropic: stimulates direct response.

What is an example of desensitization/down-regulation?

Diabetes - Insulin resistance.

If there is a problem with TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) release, what structures could be compromised?

Anterior pituitary, hypothalamus.

What are the hormonal stages of arthropod larvae?

PTH regulates the secretion of ecdysone; Juvenile hormone promotes larval characteristics.

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary, and what are their functions?

ADH - retention of water by the kidneys; Oxytocin - contractions of uterus during parturition.

Goiter is caused by a deficiency in?

Iodine.

Insulin and glucagon are produced by the?

Pancreas.

What hormones regulate appetite?

Ghrelin, insulin, PYY, leptin.

What hormones spike during human ovulation?

LH, FSH.

What is a trigger for the RAAS system?

Low blood pressure; nerve signal; Low sodium.

What needs to be present to activate angiotensinogen?

Renin.

What is the least toxic nitrogenous waste?

Uric acid.

What structures does the filtrant pass through in the nephron?

Proximal tubule, descending and ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct.

What system causes an increase in blood pressure due to a stressful situation?

RAAS.

How do terrestrial arthropods remove nitrogenous waste?

Malpighian tubules.

What is the first step in filtration?

Blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

What is the physiological state where activity is low and metabolism decreases?

Torpor (daily); Hibernation (prolonged).

What is the isometric scaling slope between surface area and mass?

2/3.

Why would it be advantageous to have simple squamous epithelium in the lungs?

Single cell layer = easier diffusion/gas exchange.

What is the purpose of feedback control?

Maintain homeostasis.

What does positive feedback do?

Amplifies the stimulus.

What are the six types of connective tissues?

Adipose, blood, bone, fibrous, loose, cartilage.

What are the advantages of endotherms and ectotherms?

Endotherms are active at a greater range of external temperature; Ectotherms tolerate greater variation in internal temperature.

True or False: An elephant should need to consume more food for its size than a mouse.

False.

What kind of epithelial tissues would you expect to find in the esophagus of a mammal?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What is a common pattern observed as animals get larger?

Bones must get thicker.

What are the four tissue types found in mammals?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell's?

Surface area.

What types of signals do neurons send?

Chemical and electrical.

What conducts action potentials?

Axons.

How do myelin sheaths increase action potential speed?

Nodes of Ranvier provide gaps where Na+ can flow in.

How does stress affect telomeres?

It can shorten them.

After an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated because of?

Refractory Period.

What are ion channels called that open and close in response to changes in membrane potential?

Voltage gated.

What do you use to find equilibrium potential?

Nernst equation.

What is the purpose of the refractory period?

Restore resting potential.

What are the cells that transmit nerve impulses?

Neurons.

What inputs and outputs are associated with the peripheral nervous system?

Sensory inputs, motor outputs.

When K+ channels open, K+ diffuses out making the cell/membrane potential?

More negative, hyperpolarized.

What happens during depolarization?

Na+ diffuses into the cell.

At resting potential, which ion is highest inside a mammal cell?

K+.

What do glial cells do?

Nourish neurons.

What is the difference between hormone and neuron mechanism?

Hormone to blood everywhere; Neuron: specific signal straight to target tissue.

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual: low genetic variation; Sexual: greater genetic variation.

What is the purpose of frog amplexus?

To efficiently mix sperm and egg cells during external fertilization.

Products of the bulbourethral gland/Cowper's gland can be described as?

Preejaculation lubricant.

What part of a sperm cell is responsible for providing energy for it to swim?

Mitochondria.

Are unfertilized eggs haploid or diploid?

Haploid.

Peristalsis

The rhythmic waves of digestive contractions involved in digestion.

Negative Feedback

A feedback control system involving insulin, glycogen, and glucagon.

Sources of Fuel

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the primary energy sources for the human body.

Chewing

The mechanical breakdown of food that starts the digestive process.

Essential Nutrients

Essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are considered essential nutrients.

Stages of Food Processing

The main stages include ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination (IDAE).

Arteries Thickness

Arteries are thickest near the heart due to the pressure needed for pumping.

Gas Exchange in Open Circulatory System

Hemolymph is responsible for gas exchange in animals with open circulatory systems.

Closed vs Open Circulatory System

In closed systems, blood is confined to vessels; in open systems, there's no distinction from interstitial fluid.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per minute, influenced by heart rate and stroke volume.

4-Chambered Heart Advantages

Separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

Processes in the circulatory system affecting blood flow.

Closed Circulatory System Animals

All vertebrates and annelid worms possess closed circulatory systems.

Open Circulatory System Animals

Arthropods exemplify animals with open circulatory systems.

Chemical Exchange Sites

Capillaries are the sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

Mixed Oxygenated Blood

True statement: some animals have mixed oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in their hearts.

Valves in the Heart

Valves prevent backflow of blood, thus avoiding clot formation.

Blood Oxygenation Site

Blood gets oxidized in the capillaries of the lungs.

Oxygen-Poor Blood Entry

Oxygen-poor blood enters the heart at the right atrium.

Pituitary Gland Function

Stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins (FSH, LH).

Tropic vs Nontropic Hormones

Tropic hormones trigger hormone secretion from other glands; nontropic hormones stimulate direct cellular responses.

Desensitization Example

Insulin resistance in diabetes is an example of down-regulation.

TSH Release Compromise

Structures affected include the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

Hormonal Stages in Arthropod Larvae

Prothoracicohormone and Juvenile hormone regulate hormonal stages.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) for water retention; Oxytocin for uterine contractions.

Goiter

A condition caused by Iodine deficiency.

Pancreas Functions

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.

Appetite Regulation Hormones

Ghrelin, insulin, PYY, and leptin are hormones that regulate appetite.