CH2: Drug Delivery & intro to PK and PD

dose

amount of drug taken or given at one time unit

Dosage

set of instructions for how to take the medication/ series or duration

dosage form

physical state of the drug

Pills

Tablets/Caplets/Capsules/Sprinkle Capsules

solution dosage forms

drug molecule dissolves completely in liquid

suspension dosage forms

drug molecule is insoluble in liquid and must be shaken well to re-suspend prior to taking (pink amoxil)

creams vs. ointment

creams are equal parts oil and water and absorb into tissue vs, ointments are more oil than water and have slower absorption.

Routes of drug admin

1. enteral -GI Tract

2. parenteral -IV/ Injection

3. other- Topical/ Inhale/ Patch

Route Choise

1.chemical Prperites

2. onset of action requires (emergent)

3. where the drug needs to work

4. convience

5. cost

6. patient factors like able to administer

first pass effect

initial metabolism of a drug in the liver before drug reaches systemic circulation

Enteral routes

1. oral (non-invasive)

2. sublingual/buccal

3. rectal (rapid but irregular)

Sublingual or Buccal entry

rapid entery of permeable drugs directly into systemic circulation

Which routes of administration undergo first pass effect

oral and rectal (partial)

intravenous injection (IV)

into vein & rapid/immediate

intramuscular injection

into muscle & large volumes, moderate absorption

subcutaneous injection

into adipose (fat) tissue & has slow absorption

intradermal injection

into dermis in small volumes (skin testing/tb test)

Topical (area, how, speed)

localized

rapid through mucous membranes

only small amt gets into circulation

Inhalation (oral or nasal)

Rapid onset

Initially localized to respiratory system

Can be used emergent sit./ no to minimal first pass, some gets into systemic

Transdermal Patch

Sustained release

Potential Skin irritation

Slow release, non emergent

pharmacokinetics

how a drug gets into the bloodstream, moves around and is broken down and removed from the body

Pharmacokinetics 4 Phases

(ADME)

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Pharmacodynamics

How a drug binds to its molecular target

Pharmacodynamics- 4 Parts

Mechanism

Potency

Efficacy

Toxicity

Pharmacy

science of prep, storage and dispensing of drugs

therapeutics

medical use of drugs in Dx and Tx

Toxicology

Study of poisons and organ toxicity

pharmaceutics

study of formulating drugs

Pharmacognosy

Study of drugs isolated from natural sources

Pharmacogenetics

study of how a single genetic variants may affect a drugs response

Pharmacogenomics

Study of how large numbers of genetic variants may affect a drugs response