TP 1 + 2 KIDS APUSH

Anasazi / Mound Builders / Cahokia

Pre-Columbian Native American civilizations; the Anasazi lived in the Southwest cliff dwellings, while the Mound Builders (especially Cahokia near the Mississippi River) built large ceremonial mounds. Their advanced agriculture and urban planning show that complex societies existed in North America before European contact.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, people, diseases, and culture between the Old World and New World after 1492. It transformed global diets and economies but devastated Native populations due to diseases like smallpox.

Smallpox

A deadly Old World disease introduced by Europeans that killed millions of Native Americans. Its spread weakened indigenous resistance and made European conquest easier.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands along a meridian line. It shaped early European colonization patterns in the Americas.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system granting conquistadors the right to extract labor and tribute from Native Americans in exchange for protection and Christianization. It led to widespread abuse and exploitation of indigenous peoples.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers and soldiers (the “Makers of America”) who conquered Native empires such as the Aztecs and Incas. They expanded Spanish control using superior weapons, alliances, and disease.

Pope’s Rebellion / Pueblo Revolt

1680 uprising in which Pueblo peoples drove the Spanish out of New Mexico temporarily. It was one of the most successful Native resistances to European rule.

Horses

Introduced by the Spanish, horses transformed Native American life, especially on the Great Plains, by improving hunting, warfare, and mobility.

Black Legend

The exaggerated anti-Spanish narrative spread by Spain’s enemies portraying Spaniards as uniquely cruel. It influenced Protestant views of Spanish colonization and justified their own imperial efforts.

Champlain

Definition: French explorer who founded New France and promoted alliances with Native Americans. Significance: Established French influence based on trade and cooperation.

New France

Definition: French colonial empire focused on fur trade and Native alliances. Significance: Developed differently from English colonies, emphasizing trade over settlement.

“Sea Dogs” / Sir Francis Drake

Definition: English privateers like Sir Francis Drake who attacked Spanish ships. Significance: Weakened Spanish power and strengthened England

Walter Raleigh / Roanoke

Definition: English-sponsored colonization attempt that mysteriously disappeared. Significance: Demonstrated early English struggles in colonization.

Spanish Armada (defeat of)

Definition: England’s 1588 naval victory over Spain. Significance: Opened the door for English colonization.

Primogeniture

Definition: Inheritance system giving land to eldest sons. Significance: Encouraged younger sons to migrate to the New World.

Joint-stock company / Virginia Company.

Definition: Business venture pooling investor funds to establish colonies. Significance: Reduced risk and enabled Jamestown’s founding.

Jamestown

Definition: First permanent English settlement (1607). Significance: Marked beginning of lasting English colonization.

John Smith

Definition: Jamestown leader who enforced discipline. Significance: Helped colony survive early hardships.

Powhatan Wars

Definition: Conflicts between English settlers and the Powhatan Confederacy. Significance: Highlighted land tensions between Natives and colonists.

New Netherland

Definition: Dutch colony centered on trade along the Hudson River. Significance: Later became New York after English takeover.

Patroonship

Definition: Dutch land-grant system giving large estates to wealthy patrons. Significance: Encouraged settlement but failed socially.

The Iroquois (Makers of America)

Definition: Powerful Native confederacy dominating northeastern trade and diplomacy. Significance: Maintained independence by skillful alliances.

Tobacco (John Rolfe)

Cash crop introduced in Virginia by John Rolfe that made the colony profitable. Tobacco cultivation increased demand for land and labor, accelerating Native displacement and slavery.

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in the American colonies (1619). It established a tradition of self-government and representative democracy.

Maryland (Lord Baltimore)

A colony founded as a refuge for English Catholics. It demonstrated early religious toleration in the colonies.

Act of Toleration

Law passed in Maryland granting freedom of worship to Christians. It showed limits of religious tolerance but helped reduce sectarian conflict.

Barbados Slave Codes

Laws developed in the Caribbean that defined enslaved Africans as property. These codes influenced harsh slave laws in the southern colonies.

Carolina (rice)

Southern colony whose economy relied on rice cultivation using enslaved African labor. It developed a wealthy planter elite and strict racial hierarchy.

Georgia (buffer, James Oglethorpe)

Founded as a buffer against Spanish Florida and as a haven for debtors. Initially banned slavery, reflecting reformist ideals.

Plantation Colonies

Colonies with economies based on large-scale cash crop agriculture and enslaved labor. They created deep social and racial inequalities.

Calvinism (predestination, the elect, visible saints)

Protestant belief system emphasizing predestination and moral discipline. It shaped Puritan society and culture in New England.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to “purify” the Church of England. They established Massachusetts Bay Colony with strict religious values.

Separatists

Religious group that believed the Church of England was corrupt and needed separation. They founded Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower Compact

A 1620 agreement establishing self-government based on majority rule. It set a precedent for democratic governance.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Joint-stock company that founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. It became a self-governing Puritan society.

Great English Migration

Large migration of Puritans to New England in the 1630s. It strengthened religious homogeneity in the region.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who envisioned Massachusetts as a “city upon a hill.” He emphasized communal responsibility and moral example.

Anne Hutchinson (antinomianism)

Religious dissenter who challenged Puritan leaders by promoting antinomianism (salvation by faith alone). Her banishment showed limits of dissent.

Roger Williams

Advocated separation of church and state and fair treatment of Native Americans. Founded Rhode Island.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 uprising of frontier settlers against Virginia’s governor. It exposed class tensions and encouraged greater reliance on enslaved labor.

Navigation Laws

Mercantilist laws regulating colonial trade for England’s benefit. They caused resentment and encouraged smuggling.

John Peter Zenger

Printer tried for libel after criticizing colonial officials. His acquittal helped establish freedom of the press.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It fueled slavery and colonial economies.

Molasses Act

Definition: British tax on molasses. Significance: Encouraged smuggling and resistance.

Taverns

Definition: Social centers for news and politics. Significance: Helped spread revolutionary ideas.

“Established” religion

Definition: Government-supported church. Significance: Limited religious freedom.

John Peter Zenger

Definition: Printer whose trial supported free press. Significance: Strengthened civil liberties.

Voting rights

Definition: Political participation for white male property owners. Significance: Broader than Europe but still limited.

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on religious freedom and separation of church and state. Rhode Island became a refuge for religious dissenters and set an early precedent for religious tolerance in America.

Connecticut (Hook, new haven)

Founded by Thomas Hooker and Puritans seeking more political participation, while New Haven was a stricter Puritan settlement. Connecticut emphasized representative government and later merged both colonies

fundamental orders

The first written constitution in American history, adopted in Connecticut in 1639. It established a government based on the consent of the governed and influenced later democratic documents.

Wampanoag

A Native American tribe in New England that initially helped the Pilgrims survive through trade and aid. Later conflicts with English settlers showed the breakdown of early cooperation.

pequot war

A violent conflict (1636–1637) between English settlers and the Pequot tribe. The war nearly destroyed the Pequot people and demonstrated colonial willingness to use extreme force against Native Americans.

king Philip’s war

A major Native uprising led by Metacom (King Philip) against New England settlers in the 1670s. It was one of the bloodiest wars per capita in U.S. history and severely weakened Native resistance.

new England confederations

A defensive alliance formed in 1643 among Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. It showed early colonial cooperation but also highlighted limited unity due to strong colonial independence.

navigation laws

Series of regulations imposed by England to control colonial trade and reinforce mercantilism.

dominion of New England (andros)

A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region, created to increase royal control over the colonies and consolidate colonial governments under a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros.

quakers

A religious group that emerged in the 17th century, known for their belief in inner light, pacifism, and equality among all people. They played a significant role in the development of religious freedom and democracy in early America.

William penn

An English Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, known for promoting religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans.

pennsylvania

A colony founded by William Penn in 1681, characterized by religious tolerance and democratic governance. It became a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted groups.

patroonship

A landholding system used in New Netherland, granting large estates to wealthy individuals who would bring settlers to the area in exchange for land.

middle colonies

A group of colonies in North America that included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, known for their diversity and religious tolerance.

Chesapeake

Colonial region of Virginia and Maryland focused on tobacco. Significance: Characterized by class conflict and slavery.

indentured servitude

Definition: Labor system exchanging work for passage. Significance: Early labor source before slavery dominated.

headright system

A land grant system used in the Chesapeake colonies to encourage settlement, where planters received land for each indentured servant they brought.