Lesson 4 - Structure of Muscle & Tendons

What is a unique function of skeletal muscle that is not involved with movement?

generation of heat

What is the panniculus reflex?

ability to twitch skin

What muscle is involved in the panniculus reflex?

cutaneous trunci muscle

Where is the head of the muscle located?

at the origin

3 multiple choice options

Where is the tail of the muscle located?

at the insertion

3 multiple choice options

What is the expanded fleshy portion of a muscle?

belly

3 multiple choice options

What does skeletal muscle attach to?

bone, cartilage, sometimes skin, rarely to other muscles

What are the forms of connective tissue attachment like for muscles?

tendon or aponeurosis

Which muscle attachment is more fixed and moves least during contraction?

origin

3 multiple choice options

Which muscle attachment is the more moveable point?

insertion

3 multiple choice options

What is the most common type of muscle attachment?

tendon

3 multiple choice options

What makes up tendons?

dense connective tissue

What type of attachment is used for spindle-shaped or pennate muscles?

tendon

3 multiple choice options

What type of attachment is used for flat muscles?

aponeurosis

3 multiple choice options

What is fleshy attachment?

direct attachment of muscle tissue to bone

What is a muscle agonist?

muscle that produces the characteristic movement of a joint

3 multiple choice options

What is a muscle antagonist?

muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover

3 multiple choice options

What is a synergistic muscle?

muscle that assists the action of a prime mover

3 multiple choice options

What is a fixator muscle?

muscle that stabilizes the proximal end of a limb while the distal end moves

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the prime mover during elbow flexion?

biceps brachii m.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the synergist during elbow flexion?

brachialis m.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the antagonist during elbow flexion?

triceps brachii m.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the fixator during elbow flexion?

rhomboideus m.

3 multiple choice options

What type of muscle fibers have greater range of motion?

long fibers

3 multiple choice options

What type of muscle fibers have more force?

shorter fibers

3 multiple choice options

What muscle arrangement has more velocity and greater range?

parallel arrangement

3 multiple choice options

What muscle arrangement has more strength and greater cross section area?

pennate arrangement

3 multiple choice options

What type of pennate arrangement has fascicles on one side of the tendon?

unipennate

3 multiple choice options

What type of pennate arrangement has fascicles on both sides of the tendon?

bipennate

3 multiple choice options

What type of pennate arrangement has fascicles distributed throughout?

multipennate

3 multiple choice options

What type of fibers are slow twitch?

Type I

1 multiple choice option

What type of fibers are fast twitch?

Type II

1 multiple choice option

What type of fibers have aerobic metabolism?

Type I

1 multiple choice option

What type of fibers have glycolytic metabolism?

Type II

1 multiple choice option

What type of muscle fibers are red in color?

Type I

1 multiple choice option

What type of muscle fibers are white in color?

Type II

1 multiple choice option

What muscle movement straightens bone alignment, or opens a joint?

extension

3 multiple choice options

What muscle movement angulates the bone or bends the joint?

flexion

3 multiple choice options

What is the term for the extremity movement towards the median plane?

adduction

3 multiple choice options

What is the term for the extremity movement away from the median plane?

abduction

3 multiple choice options

What is the term for moving an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone?

circumduction

3 multiple choice options

What is the term for moving a part around its long axis?

rotation

3 multiple choice options

What is protraction movement?

advances cranially

3 multiple choice options

What is retraction movement?

pulls part caudally

3 multiple choice options

What is pronation?

movement of the dorsal surface of limb to a dorsal position

3 multiple choice options

What is supination?

movement of palmar/plantar surface of the limb to a dorsal position

3 multiple choice options

What is the importance of tendons having a degree of elasticity?

ability to absorb and store energy when stretched

What is the clinical significance of tendons having low metabolic needs and are poorly vascularized?

takes longer for them to heal

What are the forms of protection for tendons to prevent excessive pressure or friction?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

What is a connective tissue that surrounds the body and compartmentalizes the muscles?

fascia

What are the types of fascia?

superficial and deep fascia

What is the superficial fascia also know as?

subcutis or hypodermis

What makes up the superficial fascia?

areolar connective tissue

What is the importance of the superficial fascia for veterinarians?

site of injections and infections spread easily

Why is the superficial fascia a site for injections?

loose nature can accommodate large volumes of fluid

What is a unique thing about the superficial fascia in pigs?

can have accumulation of fat cells and act as adipose tissue aka panniculus adiposus

What is the function of the deep fascia?

surrounds and breaks muscles into groups, may be attachment for some muscles

What is retinacula?

modified deep fascia that are thickened and hold tendons in place

What is raphe?

modified deep fascia that joins left and right counterparts of a muscle at the midline

What is an example of a raphe?

linea alba

What is the clinical importance of the deep fascia?

impermeable fluids may spread along them

What are synovial bursae?

simple connective tissue sacs containing a viscous fluid

What may develop subcutaneously at a site that is subjected to constant mechanical pressure?

acquired bursae

What is the function of a synovial bursa?

reduce friction

What is a bursa that is located between a tendon and a bone?

subtendinous bursa

3 multiple choice options

What is a bursa that is located between a muscle and bone?

submuscular bursa

3 multiple choice options

What is a bursa that is located beneath ligaments?

subligamentous bursa

3 multiple choice options

What are synovial sheaths?

double layered, elongated sacs containing synovia that wraps tendons

What is the function of synovial sheaths?

protects the underlying tissues from pressure exerted by the tendon and reducing friction during movement

What is tendosynovitis/tenosynovitis?

inflammation of the tendon sheath