Pathology Assessment EXAM - 5/18

Cataract

•Clouding of the lens due to changes in the crystallin proteins over time

•Changes can result from injury, UV radiation, or drug reaction.

•Senile cataracts are the result of aging

•As lens yellows and becomes cloudy individual requires brighter light for reading.

•If lens becomes completely opaque, person will be functionall blind

•Cataract surgery removes lens which is replaced by an artificial substitute

Tinnitus

•Buzzing, whistling, or ringing sound heard in the absence of an external stimulus. 

•Causes include injury, disease, inflammation, or some drugs.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

•Most common form of diabetes mellitus.

•Most people produce normal amounts of insulin but their tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance).

•Associated with obesity, and weight loss through diet and exercise can be an effective treatment, especially when coupled with oral medication

Hashimoto Disease

•Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

•Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US.

Jaundice

•Yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes due to the accumulation of bilirubin.

•Due to blocked bile ducts or an inability of the liver cannot absorb or excrete bilirubin.

Leukemia

•Cancer of the white blood cells

•Extreme leukocyotosis (100,000/ microliter or more)

•Overproduction of WBC’s interferes with the production of RBC’s or platelets

Hemophilia

•Genetic disorder seen in males and characterized by the lack of clotting factors such as Factor VIII or IX.

•When hemostasis is activated (ex. Trauma) the coagulation pathway cannot proceed, and the fibrin clot cannot form.

•Bleeding occurs that may be fatal depending on severity of injury.

Myocardial Infarction

•AKA “Heart Attack”

•Part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked, and cardiac muscle dies from lack of oxygen

•Death of affected tissue creates a nonfunctional area known as an infarct

•Most commonly result from severe coronary artery disease.

Ventricular Fibrillation

•Responsible for cardiac arrest.

•Ventricles quiver and stop pumping blood

Congestive Heart Failure

•Weakness, edema, and shortness of breath

•Caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation in the peripheral tissues and the lung

Atherosclerosis

•Formation of lipid deposits (plaque) in the tunica media

•Associated with damage to the endothelial lining

•High BP, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking are risk factors

Aneurysm

•Bulge or weakening of the wall of an artery.

•Can cause the artery to suffer a catastrophic blowout

•Dangerous aneurysms occur in arteries of brain or the aorta.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

•Malignant cancer affecting lymph nodes and lymph organs

•Most common cancer in teens ages 15-19

•Most common symptom is swollen lymphnodes

•Treated with chemotherapy

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

•Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

•Retrovirus that enters the leukocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis by binding to CD4 T cells

•Also infects antigen-resenting cells, including those of the monocyte-macrophage line. 

•The infection of helpter T cells leads to clinical problems.

•Destruction of helpter T cells impairs the immune response and the regulatory T cells are relatively unaffected resulting in a suppression of the normal immune response.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

•Harsh viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus.

•Typically causes pneumonia

Crohn’s Disease

•Incurable chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract

•Presence of strictures, fistulas, and fissures is common

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder

•Chronic condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter allows gastric acids to backflow into the esophagus

•Causes heartburn, acid indigestion, and possible injury to the esophageal lining.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

•Inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of the kidney tubules

•Fluid filled sacs (cysts) grow in the kidney

•Enlarges kidney and impairs function

Endometriosis

•Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus

•Can cause pelvic pain and difficulty getting pregnant

Polycystic Ovary Disease

•Condition in women that is characterized by irregular or no menstrual periods, acne, obesity, and excessive hair growth