behavioral action of drugs - exam 4

Marijuana

George has been suffering from seizures due to epilsepy for many years. Unfortunately, he has no health insurance and can't get medication for it. However, he has a friend who can get him non-prescription drugs. Which of the following would be best for George to help his seizures?

Cannabidiol

....is low in psychoactive properties itself, can help treat symptoms of Dravet Syndrome, and may protect against the development of psychotic symptoms in people with psychosis that can be exacerbated by THC. Interestingly, it may also increase other psychoactive properties of THC by increasing cannabinoid receptors

Marijuana

Todd feels very relaxed, happy, and social. He says he is "in tune" with the smells and vibrant colors in his garden as he noshes on a large bag of potato chips; he gets into a "deep" conversation with his neighbor and says he has a keen understanding of his neighbor's life struggles. What drug has Todd been using?

Mushrooms

Willow read about the Aztec God Xochipilli (AKA Prince of Flowers) and decided she needed to try to hallucinatory drugs he was most closely associated with. She ate some and boiled some to make a weak tea that she drank. She started feeling like she wasn't a part of her body and then she began seeing visions dancing around her. What did she just use?

IV and Smoking

Caroline and Kevin pick up some heroin from Kevin's dealer on the way to a party. They get to the party a little later than planned because Caroline was busy prepping the heroin so people could take it anyway they want. Larry, who is hosting the party, appreciates that Caroline has been so nice to prepare the heroin so people can use it in the manner they like best, but he insists they need to get high ASAP. How do they need to use it to get high ASAP?

Mushrooms

Dr Timothy Leary famed Harvard psychologist started the Harvard psychedelic drug research program after traveling to Mexico and using (BLANK) with the indigenous people

Marijuana

Which of the following drugs causes withdrawal symptoms very similar to nicotine withdrawal such as irritability, anxiety, depression, and decreased appetite, while also showing milder opioid-like withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, difficulty with coordinating walking, and tremor

For use as a veterinary tranquilizer

Although PCP is an extremely dangerous drug, it is a Schedule 2 drug and can be prescribed in some situations. When is it usually prescribed?

Morphine

....is the most abundant opiod found in opium, it is often used in patient controlled analgesia

Ronald's bio availability of THC is probably higher than Mary's because bio availibility is higher for heavy users than for occasional users AND since they're all together smoking now, it is Francis and Steve who will probably have the higher bio availability on THC among the 4 friends because they each smoke an entire joint in 1 puff

Ronald is smoking marijuana with his friends Mary, Francis, and Steve. Ronald has always smoked more than his friends, usually 2 or 3 joints a day every day for the past 5 years. Mary, Francis, and Steve smoke marijuana on a much more casual basis perhaps one joint every week or two. Mary smokes the least of all them only the equivalent of 1 joint over an evening with her friends. Francis and Steve don't smoke as often as Ronald but enjoy competing against one another to see who could smoke an entire joint in 1 long puff. Regarding the bio availability of THC for each of these friends, which of these following statements is/are correct?

5HT-2A

People tend to build a rapid tolerance to LSD primarily because of downregulation of which receptor?

Increased dopamine in the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortexes

Strong drug-seeking behavior and planning ways to get more PCP is medicated by

NMDA receptor antagonism, dopamine reuptake inhibition, nicotine receptor antagonism

PCP and ketamine work differently than the other hallucinogenics we studied what is the mechanism of action for these two drugs?

Opium, morphine, heroin

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the synthesis of heroin?

LSD

The manufacturers of deltoid encouraged psychiatrists to use deltoid themselves in order to better understand hallucinations in schizophrenia. Delysid was the trade name for which of the following drugs?

LSD

Aldous Huxley, allen Ginsberg, and ken kersey all produced famous works of literature while using...

While most drugs bind to albumin, cannabis binds primarily to lipoproteins

Cannabis has extremely high protein binding. Although most drugs with high protein binding can have significant drug-drug interactions because of competition for binding to blood proteins thereby knocking off other protein-bound drugs and increasing their blood levels cannabis does not have significant drug-drug interaction as far as protein binding is concerned. Why not?

DMT

First used by indigenous people of South America, ayahuasca is a reddish brown hallucinogenic drink made from brewing certain plants. What is the primary drug in ayahuasca?

Dironabiol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet)

Saul has cancer and has been going through chemotherapy for the past 2 months. The chemotherapy has caused Nassau to vomit. Which of the following drugs is/are FDA approved to treat his nausea and vomiting?

Fentanyl

...is 50 time more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine. Medically, it is typically used as a trans dermal patch which is often cut into smaller patches and sold on the streets as "chicklets"

LSD

Which of the following drugs was synthesized from ergot (toxins from fungus) when a chemist was searching for respiratory and circulatory stimulants

Salvinoirin A

As opposed to most hallucinogens, (BLANK) primarily affects K opioid receptors and causes odd out of body experiences such as being in two different houses at once or becoming a chair

Cannabidol

Which of the following has been shown to be helpful in reducing psychotic symptoms, decreasing seizures in epilepsy and relieving anxiety?

Ketamine

Which of the following is a schedule 3 drug that is less potent than phencyclididine and is used as as aesthetic especially in children?

Medical prefrontal cortex, posterior Cingular cortex, angular gyrus

Although not fully accepted by new row scientists as a true brain network deliberate delineating brain functioning during restful states connections because these brain areas have been shown to be active when resting they are also implicated in rumination or letting the mind wander and having monologues or insightful thinking when the mind is not actively engaged in other mental tasks certain drugs like those in ayahuasca and hallucinogenic mushrooms seemed to heighten in function in these areas. What are the areas in the brain?

Ibogaine

Marcus enrolled in a drug trail for the treatment of opioid addiction. He will be randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the placebo group. He is informed that he is in the treatment group and he will be given a drug that is not yet FDA approved but may help treat his opioid addiction. He is warned that this drug which is derived from naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloids can cause this association ataxia neurotoxictiy and prolong lapsed between ventricle heart beats. Which of the following drugs is being given in the treatment group?

LSD, Marijuana, Alcohol, Cocaine, Heroin

Which of the following is the correct order from lowest to highest potential for physical dependency?

Methadone

Which of the following is considered an opioid but not an opiate?

Buprenorphine

Blinda started using Ivy heroin about three years ago she decided to stop taking heroin and enrolled in a detox program to help with her withdrawal symptoms and maintain heroin abstinence. She was given this drug which is also a partial opioid receptor agonist but has much milder withdrawal symptoms than heroin and reduces cravings.

Heroin

Which of the following is a prodrug?

PCP

Louis is found stumbling around his neighborhood naked and sweating. He seems "out of it" as he punches a guy walking his dog. He then runs onto the railroad tracks in front of a train shouting that he is invincible. What drug did he most likely just take?

Cross-tolerance to other opioids occurs for all opioids AND tolerance can build up to such high levels that doses for chronic users could usually kill a non addict

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding tolerance to opioids?

Seeing colors when music is played

Synesthesia is a common effect of LSD. Which of the following would be an example of synesthesia?

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Which of the following is a non-opioid pain reliever?

Impaired long-term memory

Smoking marijuana can cause down regulations and decreased sensitivity of receptors which is most pronounced in the hippocampus. What is the result of hippocampal deregulation?

There will be more cannabinoids in the system because there would be decreased metabolism of the marijuana

PCP inhibits certain P450 enzymes, especially certain enzymes of the 2C. Marijuana is primarily metabolized by the 2C family of the p450 enzymes. If a person smoked marijuana with PCP (often called a "sherm stick"), what is likely to happen to the marijuana's bioavailability (i.e. amount of cannabis in the system)?

Heroin

Johan is rushed to the hospital with what appears to be a drug overdose though no one is sure what he took. His girlfriend Greta has been tryingke on the drive to the hospital, but she found it difficult to keep him awake enough to answer her frantic questions to keep him awa. At one point during the drive over, she was certain he had died because she couldn't see him breathing. She actually pulled the car over to the side of the road and put a mirror under his nose. She detected a slight fogging of the mirror so she knew he was alive but barely. At the hospital, the doctor noted that Johan slurred his speech, couldn't stand on his own, was generally unresponsive, had very small pupils, and his skin was taking on a bluish tone. Which of the following did Johan most likely overdose on?

Psilocybin

The primary active drug in hallucinogenic mushrooms is....

Flowering tops - bracts - leaves - stems - roots - seeds

Which of the following is the correct order from most to least (of THC in cannabis sativa)?

Morphine

All opiates/opiods are transformed chemically at some point in the body into...

Mu

Marijuana can reduce pain. Cannabinoids appear to affect endogenous opioids, which is what causes the pain reduction. Which opioids receptor appears to be most involved in this pain reduction effect of marijuana?

Delta

Vince smashed his finger with a hammer while roofing his house. He screamed in pain and almost fell off the roof. Which nerve fibers carried the information that he just smashed his finger?

Serotonin

Most of the hallucinogens seem to have cortical to cortical effects as opposed to limbic to cortical effects such as is seen in hallucinations with schizophrenia which are mediated by the mesolimbic system. As a result, there seems to be different neurotransmitters systems involved in the hallucinations produced by the hallucinogens as compared to those in schizophrenia. What is the primary neurotransmitter system that is implicated with the hallucinogens such as psilocybin and mescaline?

300%

There has been a large increase in heroin deaths over the past 16-17 years. What has been the percentage increase in heroin deaths?

False

Because it is illegal in the US and has high potency, heroin is the most dangerous opioid with the highest chances of causing addiction as compared to any of the other opioids. True or false?

Mescaline

What is the primary active drug in peyote?

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

Which of the following seems to have the lowest potential to cause physical dependency?

anadamide

Which of the following neurotransmitters often exerts its effects through retrograde transmission and is so lipid soluble that it would seep through any vesicles trying to carry it which is why neurons make it as needed rather than storing it?

Although marijuana can cause similar side effects at very high doses synthetic marijuana is more likely to cause severe side effects because it binds more strongly for a longer period of time two receptors and is more potent so it is easier to overdose.

Synthetic marijuana such as K2 and spice can cause similar effects to natural marijuana such as relaxation and elevated moods. However, synthetic marijuana was banned in the US because it can also cause vomiting, seizures, paranoia, and hallucinations. How does it cause these more sever side effects?

Mu AND Delta

Which opioid receptor is/are considered the most important for the opioids used in pain reduction and addiction?

Fentanyl

Which of the following drugs causes most of the OD deaths in the US?

Naltrexone (ReVia)

For cannabis dependance, which reduces cravings?

6-monoacetylmorphine

What indicates someone took heroin?

people who smoke regularly (chronic daily use)

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from cannabinoid hyperemia syndrome

It will increase his cravings for all of them

Murray used to smoke marijuana, snort cocaine, and drink alcohol. He quit all but now wants to smoke the occasional joint. What will this do?

A beta fiber

Martin gently touched his wife's face, which fiber is associated with this?

morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine, narceine

What are the 6 opium allkaloids?

monoamine oxidase in the body will break it all dowwn

Ayahuasca drink has DMT in it

Psilocin

Herschel likes to enjoy mushrooms, he soaks them in tea before brewing in lemon juice. What is he producing?

Hypothalamus

Marijuana can stimulate a person's appetite. Appetite stimulation in the brain has to do with...